Ap Biology Lab Report Essay Example

Ap Biology Lab Report Paper Mitosis is accompanied by cytokines in which the end result is two completely operate cells called daughter cells. There are four phases of mitosis: protease, metaphors, anapest and telephone. Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Each of the resulting daughter cells has one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis was studied first in this lab. The phases f onion root tips were observed under a microscope. The crossing-over of chromosomes in meiosis was observed by viewing photos. Hypothesis If looking under a 400 power microscope, than it is possible to observe mitosis occurring in whitefish blastula and onion root tips. If crossing-over occurs in meiosis, than the genes do not segregate until meiosis II. Materials and Methods All materials and methods followed based off of lab manual. Results Activity A: Observing Mitosis Enterprise Cells Plant Cell Protease Cells Animal Cell The cellular organelles doubled in number, the DNA replicated, and protein honesties occurred. The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin. Protease Animal Cell The chromatin condensed and the chromosomes became visible. The nucleolus disappeared, and the spindle forms and attaches to the centimeters of the chromosomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Biology Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Early and late protease can be seen. In late protease, the chromatin has condensed into chromosomes, the nucleolus is gone, and the nuclear envelope has been removed. Metaphors Cells The nuclear membrane fragmentation is complete and the duplicated chromosomes lined up along the cells equator. Anapest Cells Diploid sets of daughter chromosomes separated and were pushed and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell. This was accomplished by the popularization and differentiation of the misconstrues that helped to form the mitotic spindle. Telephone Cells The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reformed, cytokines is almost done, and the chromosomes uncoiled to chromatin. Daughter Cells The daughter cells formed and constructed a new dividing cell wall between them. Each daughter cell received a copy of the genome of its parents cell. Analysis of Results, Activity A: Observing Mitosis 1. I can infer that the two cells came from the cell a long time ago because they have similar organelles. 2. Two ways that mitosis differs in the cells of animals and higher plants is in cytokines and right before protease. In plant cells, there is a pre-protease right before protease takes place. 3. A) Nuclear envelope disappears in protease; nuclear envelope reappears in telephone B) Mitotic spindle forms in protease; mitotic spindle disappears in telephone C) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes in protease; chromosomes unwind to form chromatin in telephone D) Commentators are at opposite ends of the cell in tappets E) Nucleolus disappears in protease 4. The three sub phases of enterprise are the GIG phase, S phase, and the GO phase. In the GIG phase, cell synthesizes proteins and produces cytoplasm organelles. In the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, and in the GO phase, the cell beings forming the spindle. 5. Both prokaryotic cell division and eukaryotic cell division replicate their DNA and use the process of cytokines. Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Table 1: Group Count I Number of Cells I I Field I Field 2 | Field 3 | Total 1-3 | Enterprise 152 146 1 57 | 155 | Protease 122 1 25 | 29 76 | Metaphors 116 1 11 191 36 | Anapest 1 5181 51 18 Telephone | 14 | 10 181 32 | I Total 1317 1 Table 2: Class Data I Class Totals I Decimal Fraction of Total Count I Estimated Time Spent in Phase I Enterprise | 582 | . 46 | 13968 | protease | 305 | . 241 7320 | Metaphors | 148 | . 121 3552 Anapest | 65 | . 051 1560 | Telephone | 171 | . 13 | 4104 | Total Cells Counted | 1271 | Analysis of Results, Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Pie Graph 2. Stages of Mitosis Ranked 1) Enterprise 2) Protease 3) Metaphors 4) Anapest 5) Telephone 3. Some phases of mitosis are longer than others because each phase has a different task, and some of the tasks of the phases are harder than others. For example, enterprise takes longer than other phases because the nuclear envelope fragments and the misconstrues attach to the chromosomes. Telephone takes the least amount of time because chromosomes only go to opposite ends of the cell and a nuclear membrane forms. Activity C: Simulating Meiosis Analysis of Results, Activity C: Simulating Meiosis 1. Sixteen combinations of the two chromosomes are possible. 2. Number of chromosome combinations= . There are gametes. 4. There are possible combinations of chromosomes for human possible combinations of chromosomes for the offspring. 5. The relationship of meiosis to variation in populations is that genes are able to move themselves and combine with different sets of genes that arent present in the parent. This causes a higher chance of survival. 6. Three ways that meiosis differs from mitosis are that meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis occurs in somatic cells. In meiosis, a mitotic mother cell is always diploid, while in mitosis a mother cell can be haploid or diploid. In meiosis, two divisions of the mother cell causes four meiotic cells, while in mitosis, a single division of the mother cell causes two daughter cells. Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Analysis Results, Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Table 3 I No. Boom ASCII (4:4) | No. FOMCL ASCII or | Total ASCII I %MIMI ASCII (No. Of Ml/Total) I Gene-to Controvert Distance (%Ml/2) I Group Data | 45 65 | 110 | | 29. 5 (30) | 1 . Crossing-over increases genetic variation because when the chromatics exchange sections with each other, they get new combinations of alleles that heir parents had, which causes more chromatics. . I would expect to find more genetic variation in the population of species B because its undergoing sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction there is more changeability because the new generation has many combinations of the genes of the two parent organisms. 3. I would conclude that there was no occurrence of recombination since the MI ASCII would be a 4:4 ra tio. Discussion My results proved my hypothesis. This is so because by looking through the microscope it was possible to view the stages of mitosis in the onion root tip and he whitefish blastula. The stages of mitosis that were visible were protease, anapest, telephone, enterprise, and metaphors. The time spent in each phase was also figured out. Enterprise was the phase that the cell spends most of its life in. Telephone was the shortest phase. We stimulated the stages of meiosis using red and yellow magnetic beads. Crossing-over in Sardinia was observed by looking at photos. Afterwards, the map units were determined. We discovered that the distance of the gene relative to the controvert in the Sardinia was fifty- nine map units.

Supriya Panjiyar Essays (926 words) - GermanyMexico Relations

Supriya Panjiyar Essays (926 words) - GermanyMexico Relations Supriya Panjiyar Professor. Tara Kirk History 1302-21418 26 November 2017 Zimmerman Telegram Zimmerman telegram was an encrypted message written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich Von Eckardt. The encrypted message was an instruction to the German Ambassador that if the neutral United States entered the war against the allies, Von Eckardt was to offer Mexico an alliance. And in return of Mexico's alliance, it would receive territories which were previously lost by them to the United States. It is significant in American history because it accelerated America's march to the war. The Zimmermann Telegram was sent on January 17, 1917. It was decoded by the British cryptographic office known as "Room 40" and was handed to the United States on February 24, 1917. It was published on the front pages of various newspapers nationwide by March 1. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson changed the policy of neutrality and asked the congress to declare war against the German and the central powers. Great Depression The Great Depression was one of the worst economic contraction of the American history. It began in 1929 and lasted till 1941. The Great Depression resulted in the unemployment and poverty of countless American people. It started after the stock market crashed on October 1929. It put Wall Street into panic and cleared out millions of investors. During 1932-1933 which was the lowest point of the depression about 15 million Americans were unemployed and the national income had dropped by more than 50 percent. After Franklin D. Roosevelt won the Presidential election, he made some reforms in order to get rid of the great depression. First he ordered a "four day" bank holiday so that the congress could pass rearranged legislation and reopen those banks. He also addressed to the public directly through the radio and interacted with them. He introduced a set of programs and acts called the New Deals which helped in reshaping the different sectors of bank, agriculture, economy, etc. one of the programs of the New Deal was Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which built dams and hydroelectric projects and Work Progress Administration (WPA), which provided job to about 8 million people from 1935 to 1943. The New Deal helped in some extents to decrease the Great Depression but the World War II ended the Great Depression. New Deal After Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election 1932 he mentioned New Deal in his speech. It became the identifying terms of Roosevelt's candidacy and presidency. The New Deal was a number of programs and projects which helped America to decrease the Great Depression which had been going on since few years. "The New Deal greatly increased the size, power, and cost of the federal government." (New Deal) It played an important role in transforming American politics which made the Democratic Party the new majority party of the country. The sole purpose of the New Deal was to cope with the Great Depression. The three main goals of the New Deal were- to achieve economic recovery from the great depression; to provide help and relief to the unemployed and those in poverty until recovery was achieved and to reform the social and economic status to prevent another such depression. In 1933, the New deal set two programs in action called the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to bring reforms in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. The other acts included Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which strengthened the banking sector, the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) which improved the stock and market. The New Deals did not fully helped in recovering from the great depression but it helped decrease it in some extent. Holocaust The mass murder of over 6 million European Jews including some Gypsies and Homosexual by the German Nazis during the World War II was named as Holocaust. In May7, 1945 around 6 million European Jews were prisoned and isolated in ghettos where they were tortured, mistreated and killed, shot in mass and sent to concentration camps where they were gassed, shot, hanged, tortured and often put on cruel medical experiments. The word "Holocaust" is derived from the Greek words "holos" (whole)

Psychodynamic Counseling Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychodynamic Counseling Theories - Essay Example In this regard, one can come across a huge number of theories that indicate attempts of various individuals who worked to propose efficient understanding of human existence, and in such a pool, psychodynamic theories are playing a crucial role in better understanding of human life that has resulted in their significant importance in the field of counseling. In specific, this paper is an attempt that will include endeavors for better understanding of theories that will enable the societies to deal with the human problems effectively. While scrutinizing human life, it is merely impossible to avoid the significance of human mind that stands as the fundamental basis of human existence. Still in midst of huge advancements in the field of information technology, theorists (Kottler, pp. 79-84, 2010) are enjoying great significance due to their attempts to analyze and explain different aspects of mind, the most complex organ. In psychology, ‘psychodynamics refers to the study of differ ent aspects of human mind in terms of their interrelationships with each other’ (Velicer, pp. 31-34, 2003). In psychotherapy, theorists (Mitchell, pp. 51-57, 1996) have been dealing with different areas of human mind while relating them with psychological and mental development of humans. In addition, analysis has indicated that unconsciousness is one of the major areas of human mind that have received greater focus of psychologists and theorists. One of the major examples of such focus is the psychodynamic model of the human mind by Sigmund Freud, father of psychoanalysis who contributed extensively to the field of psychology and psychotherapy by his different theories and propositions. In the area of personality, Sigmund Freud contributed expansively that enabled experts (Jacobs, pp. 20-25, 2004) to understand different factors that play crucial role in the human personality. In this regard, Freud’s contributions have been tremendous in the field of psychotherapy as his findings allowed the experts to progress in the field. Although his theory does not enjoy the same significance today, however, Sigmund Freud will remain as the founder of psychodynamics and psychological scrutiny of the human mind. In particular, the paper will include some of the areas of his work involving unconscious mind, three components of the human mind, etc, as well as works of theorists, such as Donald Winnicott, etc that will help in better understanding of psychodynamic theories of counseling. In particular, to understand mechanism of Freud’s psychodynamic model of the human mind, it is necessary to have an understanding of psychosexual development theory (Jacobs, pp. 36-39, 2004) by Freud that will create a fundamental basis for the analysis. Study of the works has indicated that according to Freud, until the period of adolescent, an individual passes through various stages that determine the healthiness or unhealthy condition of his/her personality, and spec ifically, Freud’s model of the human mind revolves around the same stages of the human life. In particular, Freud divided the human mind in three parts, id, ego, and the superego (Huffman, pp. 20-39, 2008). In addition, besides identification of these three components, Freud emphasized on the importance of conscious, preconscious, as well as unconscious stages of the mind. Due to lack of technological advancements, Freud was unable to prove his division physically; however, he indicated these divisions as psychological existence of the human mind. Firstly, ‘id’ is the basic constituent of the human mind that works during the birth of an

The challenger space shuttle 1986 Research Paper

The challenger space shuttle 1986 - Research Paper Example ing a joint on the right firm rocket booster, which permitted pressurized hot gases plus finally blaze to â€Å"blow by† the O-ring making contact with the neighboring tank, and eventually leading to structural failure. Thus the failure of the 2 rubber O-rings was found to be from a faulty design, whose functioning could be very easily have been compromised by factors comprising of the very low temperatures on the sunrise of the fateful day of the launch. There were specific individuals at NASA as well as amongst contractors who were worried about the reliability of the fasteners on the firm rocket boosters in such cold weather (Henry, 2004). The report broadly pointed out the contributing causes such as the failure of both Morton Thiokol as well as NASA to adequately respond to the risk posed by the poor joint design. Instead of redesigning the joint, both parties defined the issue as a tolerable flight

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example Under the contract law, the parties to the agreement are directly responsible for their performance or failure to discharge their duties as stipulated in the contract (Engel & Mccann 2009, P.146). Therefore, under contract law, individuals are responsible for failing to accomplish their promises to the other party while in tort liability arises due to commitment of civil wrong or breach of other peoples civil rights. Negligence Liability Under the law of contract, parties to the contract are considered careless where they partially, wrongly or totally fail to discharge their obligations according to the conditions of their agreement (Macqueen & Zimmermann 2006, p.145). For example, if a transporter was hired to ferry some goods belonging to another individual and fails to deliver the goods, then that transporter is liable for not . However, under the law of tort, a person is careless if he or acts wrongly or fails to act where they were required to do so hence causing another person harm. For example, in Vaughan – v – (Menlove 1937) 3 Bing N.C. 468 the defendant was given a warning that the stack he had kept would catch fire, but he said he could manage them (Macqueen & Zimmermann 2006, p.171). ... A business may be vicariously liable for tort committed by their workers to other people during the normal processes of discharging their official duties. For example in the case of Cassidy – v – Minister of Health 919512 K.B.343 where a patient was operated his left arm by the employees of the hospital, but out of the carelessness of the employees, the patient hand sustained permanent damages hence rendering it ineffective (Bergelson 2009, P. 58). The patient sued the hospital, and the hospital was held responsible for their workers’ carelessness. However, in order for the employer to be responsible for their employee’s tort, the employees should have acted under their usual way of discharging their duties and must be under full control of their employers who also pays their salaries. Scenario Tort refers to commission of wrongful act to other people or failure to do right to other people when one has a responsibility to do it, hence causing injury to oth ers whom he owned duty to serve responsibly (Engel & Mccann 2009, P. 149). For a plaintiff to succeed in a legal suit against defendant for tort, he or she has to prove that the defendant was in charge of protecting the act or omission from happening. The plaintiff is also liable to prove to the court that the defendant actually defied his or her responsibility to protect the plaintiff. However, it is not enough that the defendant acted irresponsibly or failed to act as required b the law, but the plaintiff should confirm that it was through defendants conduct they sustained injuries. At times, the conducts of the defendants my cause injury to the plaintiff without defendant

Business Plan For Patel Electric Scooter Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Patel Electric Scooter Marketing Essay PATEL Electric Scooters will offer quality used electric scooters and electric scooter parts to a growing market of electric scooter hobbyists. PATEL Electric Scooters will sell new and second-hand electric scooters as well as accessories, such as jackets, boots, jeans, helmets, waxing products, childrens clothing, and spares. It will also repair and service electric scooters. Additional services such as insurance may be provided. Why are electric scooters better than gas ones?  · Environmentally Friendly: Zero tailpipe emissions. Save the planet!  · Lower Operating Costs: Approximately 1/20th of gas equivalents. And since gas prices continue to rise, this gap will only widen. Plus, most electrics require little or no maintenance.  · Quieter Usage: Electrics are extremely quiet, with no loud noisy engine, which means they can be used in areas which require quiet, such as corporate walkways between buildings of an office campus.  · Cleaner Operation: No gas, fumes, or smokes to deal with. Youll smell better.  · More Reliable: Fewer moving parts for less maintenance and less that can break.  · Reduced Oil Dependence: The more electric motors we use, the less we depend on gas motors, and hence the less oil your country depends on. In the beginning, Patel electric scooters will offer excellent value for the first scooters. These will not bust the customers budget as 50 to 75 percent of the costs for repairs and modifications will be reduced due to experienced riders and the quality parts that will be used. Sales of scooters continue to rise as they are seen as an answer to many traffic problems; they take up less space on the road, emit fewer harmful gases and are far cheaper to run than cars. Demand for touring and specialist scooters has also increased. Traffic schemes, which allow electric scooters, mopeds and motor scooters to use their own lanes to ease congestion, are likely to become more widespread. PATEL Scooters will specialize in scooter rentals for leisure and corporate travelers at discount prices. PATEL Scooters will offer a rental rate that is guaranteed to be the lowest among all scooter rental companies. This is PATEL Scooters commitment to customer satisfaction. Scooters are more efficient then cars in many ways: they have better fuel efficiency, go at low maintenance and have lower operating costs .And also the insurance is available for a cheap price of $30-$50 a year. The targeted customers for business will be about 125000 students from Connecticut State (USA). And so the word of the customer service will eventually spread There a lot of students who use the public transport to due the problem of finding parking spaces. As the public transport offer very few options we are expecting the economical moped and car services will come into action very quickly. There are a lot of students who cannot afford to buy a car or moped but they can afford to rent a car or a moped for $50 a month or can chip in for to rent one car together. Connecticut Scooters would purchase used scooters for less than $1,000 and lease them out. Patels connection with the electric scooter community and the growing demand for quality used electric scooters and electric scooter parts will make PATEL Electric Scooters one of the most popular shops in the city. Objectives The objectives of PATEL Electric Scooters are: Capture the majority of the used electric scooter business in the Connecticut State. give a good quality service for less. â‚ ¬Ã‚  a survey will be conducted for measuring customer satisfaction; repeat customers will be the targeted customers for surveys. Primary goal will be to achieve 45% of profit margin in first two years. Mission The mission of PATEL Electric Scooters is to become the primary resource for used electric scooter parts in Connecticut. Ways of Success The key ways of success for PATEL Electric Scooters are: Repeat customers Satisfaction. Maintaining the price, quality and time beyond customers expectation. Joining experienced professionals and putting them together to work in a team. Secure and busy location near by University. As supplier play main role in any business, so establishing a supplier network become a necessity. Somehow business also depends on employee moral behavior, so rewarding them at their success, is a step ahead in customer satisfaction direction. Company Summary PATEL Electric Scooters will offer quality used electric scooters and electric scooter parts to a growing market of electric scooter hobbyists. The shop will purchase used and damaged scooters as well as used electric scooter parts. Company Ownership PATEL Electric Scooters is owned by Sumitraben Patel Start-up Expenses A electric scooter sales, repair and servicing business costs will vary considerably, depending on services provided. By selling electric scooter parts, riders who undertake their own repairs will be attracted. The premises must be big enough to display several large scooters plus accessories. An existing business could be purchased, with established reputation and customer goodwill, etc. Electric scooter Trader Directory lists suppliers of machines, components, spares, auctioneers, etc, with contact names and addresses. Initial and ongoing costs could include: A range of electric scooters, scooters, mopeds, etc. A large range of accessories, clothing, spare parts, etc. A tool kit ($300-$700). Spot welder ($200). Paint stripping equipment (from $50). Other equipment, e.g. scales ($250), brake tester ($3,700-$4,750), headlamp tester ($495). Electric scooters lift ($520-$1,300). Paddocks stand ($150). Tire fitting equipment, e.g. tire changer ($1300-$1600), wheel balancer ($1500-$1900). Mig welder (from $350). Manuals. Promotion. Staff. Insurance. Start-up Summary Sumitraben Patel will invest and also secure a $20,000 loan. The focus of the initial inventory will be on engine and electrical parts. The source of these parts is electric scooter hobbyists who sell the parts in order to purchase upgrade parts for their own electric scooters. The following table and chart show projected initial start-up costs for PATEL Electric Scooters. Legal $1,000 Stationery etc. $500 Insurance $500 Rent $1,000 Display Equipment $3,000 Expensed Equipment $5,000 Total Start-up Expense $11,000 Start-up Assets Needed Cash Balance on Starting Date $24,000 Start-up Inventory $45,000 Total Assets $69,000 Total Requirements $80,000 Funding Investment Sumitraben Patel $80,000 Total Investment $80,000 Total anticipated annual turnover for first year: $250,000 Total anticipated annual net profit: $112,500 Products We believe it is important to have quality electric scooters at a low cost, and will back each cycle with a 30 day limited warranty. Our company will make a profit by generating sales. It will provide job satisfaction and fair compensation to its employees, and a fair return to its owners. Hard work and performance is rewarded through bonuses and commissions. Job satisfaction is very important for employees and owners; we will create a work environment that is enjoyable and profitable for all. Why are electric scooters better than gas ones?  · Environmentally Friendly: Zero tailpipe emissions. Save the planet!  · Lower Operating Costs: Approximately 1/20th of gas equivalents. And since gas prices continue to rise, this gap will only widen. Plus, most electrics require little or no maintenance.  · Quieter Usage: Electrics are extremely quiet, with no loud noisy engine, which means they can be used in areas which require quiet, such as corporate walkways between buildings of an office campus.  · Cleaner Operation: No gas, fumes, or smokes to deal with. Youll smell better.  · More Reliable: Fewer moving parts for less maintenance and less that can break.  · Reduced Oil Dependence: The more electric motors we use, the less we depend on gas motors, and hence the less oil your country depends on. Electric scooters are more preferable because they:  · Scooting desires are fulfilled;  · Easy and quick, fun making local errand; Environmental friendly while saves some bucks; Convenient point to point transportation; Solves problem of parking and helps with shortcuts; Brings more fun and freedom in ones life. In comparison to gas-powered scooters, electric scooters bring better advantages for transportation as well as recreation. Comparing to gas-powered scooters, electric scooters are allowed in train plane bus etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reduction of Noise as well as air pollution. Maintenance is lowered due to use of simple electric motors. Quick and better response when starting or climbing on hill. Many times electric scooters are purchased as a toy, still they have long life as transportation. 1.(a) rules of safety while riding scooters.  · Riders do no duck out of the traffic irresponsibly.  · Friends should not let friends ride scooters when drunk.  · Riders should not ride at high speeds on the sidewalk.  · People should not let inexperienced riders ride soaped-up scooters.  · Riders should keep in mind that pedestrians always have the right to pass first.  · Responsible parents should be sure that their children wear proper safety gear when riding scooters. PATEL Electric Scooters offers the following products: Used Electric scooters: These cycles have been inspected and occasionally reconditioned in order to offer the customer the best value. Used Parts: These quality parts include engine parts, bodywork, gas tanks, electrical parts, frame, and chassis wheels and brakes. Used Electric scooters We will have at times 20 to 50 used electric scooters. Electric scooter crash repairs PATEL Electric Scooters offers a complete range of electric scooter crash and damage repair services: Fuel Tank Repair Damaged fuel tanks dent will be repaired by using needed stud gun which welds dent area with draw pins, with the use of side hammer the dent will be pulled, by these way it makes possible to remove dent without drilling or filling. After that area will be cleared by a thin coat of glazing surface, block sand, and then high premier quality coat will be added. When it dries, tank gets ready for wet sand and final base color coat which gives a perfect finish. Plastic Repair and Welding. We will Repair plastic body parts that are costlier, like parts having scathes, cracks etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ plastic welder and rods will be used of best quality to repair cracked parts. Surety for quality We get hundred percent guarantees when the parts are perfect. And there will be no sign of damage. We will occasionally be able to repair damaged race fiberglass. We will recommend replacing the with new parts if the body work has moderate to heavy damage. parts. It takes hours get a heavily damaged part into the right shape so that it can be painted. And if the job is not dome properly the paint will look ugly and we are very keen on having a good painting job done. The money spent on the repair of a heavy damaged part will be twice the cost of a new part and secondly the part will always have the mark of the crash or the signs of hairline cracks around the mounting holes. The cost to repair a less damaged part is  ¼ the cost of a new part. In such cases we recommend to get it repaired rather than replace it. Electric scooter Insurance Repairs We will handle insurance repairs and claims to get your electric scooter back in perfect shape. All repairs will be done using factory OEM replacement parts where needed. Pick-up will be available by appointment. Electric scooter Insurance Repairs and Claim Handling PATEL Electric Scooters will work with you and your insurance company. We handle everything from writing your repair estimate and handling your insurance claim to picking up your crashed electric scooter. The insurance repair process will work as follows: Once an scooter arrives at the Patel electric scooters it will be inspected for any crash damages and a detailed written document will be made that will cover all the all the damages that occurred before the scooter arrived. We call the insurance company once the estimate of the repairs is complete they will then send an adjuster to our shop to compare our estimate to theirs. Once the estimate has been approved by the adjuster and gives the approval for the estimate after that only will the insurance company sand us the payment for the Upon approval of the estimate by the adjuster, he will submit approval of payment to the insurance company. Factory oem replacements will be ordered for every part that need replacements for the scooter to get ready for re assembling when the the new parts arrive. Market Analysis Summary The traditional customers of a electric scooter retailer are young males. The number of riders taking basic training has risen, largely due to an increase in the number of older riders (25+). They may or may not have had scooters before, will buy for leisure purposes and also tend to buy higher price scooters which have higher profit margins for the retailer. They will be car owners, and being used to service from the car market, will want to buy from clean, smart dealerships. Higher prices could be charged, as they will generally be willing to pay for a high level of service and will have a higher disposable income to spend on accessories. Women are an increasingly important customer group, as the number of female riders rises. Customers are becoming more demanding of good service, back-up and information provision, so keeping ahead of the competition will involve rigorous training for employer and staff in order to keep abreast of new technology in the market. Only a small proportion of the population owns a electric scooter, therefore there is still a large potential market for sales. The number of full electric scooter licenses held in this country far exceeds the number of scooters on the road, so it is not essential to target new riders. It may be possible to persuade lapsed riders to take up the hobby again. There is also a business sector. As roads become more clogged, car speeds in cities are decreasing significantly, and a electric scooter courier industry has developed. In such conditions scooters are substantially faster. The police and paramedics have begun to use more electric scooters for the same reason. A shop could develop a relationship with a commercial or public sector customer, taking on supply and upkeep of a fleet of scooters. Some of the larger electric scooter dealers have suffered over the last year as consumer demand has decreased. Electric scooter dealers usually have multi-franchises; links with several manufacturers rather than selling the product of one manufacturer, as happens in the car dealership market. However, developing links with a manufacturer can be very difficult. Manufacturers are trying to increase profits, and this usually means developing and assisting existing successful franchise outlets. Most areas are now well covered for dealerships. Competition also includes the car market. Despite environmental concerns, for most people the car is still the first choice for independent travel. Over the past ten years, riding has developed an entirely new customer base among baby boomer men, ages 40 to 65. Last year, electric scooter sales for this age group were twice that of young men, ages 18 to 25. These two groups represent 80% of electric scooter sales. In Connecticut State, electric scooter sales exceeded $36 million in 2009 and sales are predicted to grow by 10% this year. The demographics suggest that there is a large market for used electric scooters and electric scooter parts, especially among experienced scooters. This is particularly important because the experienced customer will seek out a shop where the owner has a reputation for quality and service in the electric scooter community. Market Segmentation PATEL Electric Scooters will focus on two customer groups: Male baby boomers, ages 40 65. Young men, ages 18 25. Competitive Comparison The suppliers have the lot of power in negotiating and setting of the prices of the products on the shop. This is a fact that the suppliers earn the most money form these kind shops and companies. It is consolidate that the repair industry have the deepest pockets and a a limit numbers of substitute customers. Finally there are the only most important suppliers to Connecticut electric scooters industry. Market Trends The market demand for electric scooter sales, repair and service industry has been relatively stable over the past decade. However, the average price per scooter has seen a steady increase, especially within the last five years. These more expensive scooters have, on average, much higher repair costs per vehicle than any older scooters. This has upset the short-term equilibrium of the industry and given incentives for new firms to enter the market. Strategy and Implementation Summary The location of a electric scooter sales, repair and services business is very important in attracting customers. A site close to the centre of town will be easily accessible to potential customers in all areas of the region. Being located near public transport routes will make it convenient for customers to use alternative forms of transport while their electric scooter is being serviced. Early and evening opening hours will accommodate those customers who need to drop off their electric scooters on their way to work, or collect them afterwards. Good presentation of the shop and staff will be useful for attracting repeat business. Neat premises and helpful, friendly staff will instill confidence in customers and further promote the business through word of mouth recommendation. To target customers in the local area, advertisements can be placed in local publications. Listings in directories will be useful, e.g. the Yellow Pages. Advertising monthly special deals on certain types of repair work in the local newspapers, is another option. Some parts suppliers offer promotional support programs for independent garages in return for stocking only their products. Often these packages include signage, point of purchase support material as well as advertising support. An increasing number of businesses are advertising their services on the Internet. Competitive Edge Sumitraben Patel, owner of PATEL Electric Scooters is one of most respected and best known Business man in Connecticut, she also own three motels in different parts of United States. Marketing Strategy PATEL Electric Scooters will establish and maintain close links with a electric scooter rider training company. Licensing requirements mean most learners will look first for a rider training company; they may not approach a dealer until they have passed their test. A good reputation is essential. If the business establishes a reputation for a friendly, knowledgeable and helpful service, new riders (including women and older riders) will be encouraged to trust and buy from it in an ongoing relationship. There are many electric scooter exhibitions and festivals; these are a good place to meet customers and others in the trade. Advertising will be undertaken according to the target market. The majority of active motorcyclists in the US read a electric scooter magazine all of which have a Product and Services Guide, plus adverts from dealers. Listings in the Yellow Pages and local business directories will be worthwhile. Local electric scooter clubs will be contacted to inform them of the services. Sales Strategy PATEL Electric Scooters will open with a Customization Show and Competition. During the first month of operation, PATEL Electric Scooters will offer a 15% discount on all purchases over $50. Sumitraben will also offer a standard 10% discount to members of the citys seven electric scooter organizations. Management Summary Bhagvat Patel will manage the daily operations of the shop under sumitraben patels supervision. Yakub and zahgir are two motorcyclist specialist, will be handling all repairs, where there salary will be 1250/month for each. Besides Sumitraben Patel, PATEL Electric Scooters will have three additional employees. Strategic Direction SWOT Analysis This is a summary of the businesss most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths of the Business Excellent quality product Which means that Adds to reputation. Good management skills. Which means that Well run business Good ability to extract information. Which means that Can control the business.- Weaknesses of the Business New Player. Which means that Credibility problem may affect initial sales Lack of systems Which means that The Company needs to develop systemised operational sales techniques or sacrifice profits Opportunities in the Marketplace Add-on products such as ** Which means that A potentially enormous market for PATEL electric scooters to tap into. Growing market segments. Which means that PATEL electric scooters should target these segments. Threats in the Marketplace Increasing supplier prices. Which means that Resulting in reduced profitability. Declining size of the ** segment. Which means that Need to focus on growing segments to spread the companys portfolio The Actual Plan (annually) Business Objectives Corporate Objectives (Goals) Short Term Corporate To achieve a sales level of $250000 To achieve profit level of 45% Marketing Objectives (Goals) {your product} #1 Segment: To achieve sales to $30000 #2 Segment: To achieve sales to $60000 #3 Segment: To achieve sales to $70000 #4 Segment: To achieve sales to $90000 New Products To evaluate and launch new products or services which will turn over $120000 in the first year. Other Objectives (Goals) To not exceed a marketing budget of $4800 To not exceed a payroll budget of $42000 To not exceed a general overhead budget of $21360 The major task objectives for each area of the organization, together with responsibilities and timings are detailed in the Roll-Out Plan. Marketing Plan MARKETING OBJECTIVES Sales Objective To achieve sales by 45% Sales Objectives by Market Segment. #1 Segment: To achieve sales to $30000 #2 Segment: To achieve sales to $60000 #3 Segment: To achieve sales to $70000 PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES Print Advertising Develop a corporate brochure. Advertise in local publications Advertise monthly in magazines that are specifically targeted to the ** and ** segments. Advertise monthly in magazines that are aimed at the general industry. Lead Generation Program Conduct monthly on-going lead generation program. Send out monthly direct mail leaflets with response coupons. Qualify leads and make appointments by using telemarketing staff. Centres Of Influence Program Personally contact at least ten potential partners each week. Produce a monthly newsletter that shows examples of (your products) and how customers have benefited from using them. PR Program PR release to be initiated each month to various trade journals and magazines. Sales Force Employ telemarketing staff. Implement a new structural program for the sales force, allocating sales reps to accounts and segments rather than area. Organize training program to be implemented. Lost Customers Contact monthly all past customers that have not re-ordered to ask why not and see whether we can win back their business. Follow up Enquiries Contact all enquirers monthly and determine if they have purchased from a competitor and, if so, why. Existing Customers Follow up all new customers two weeks after they purchase to ensure they are satisfied with the product. Send quarterly newsletter to existing customers to keep them informed of our other products. Try and up-sell all enquiries for our standard range to our premium range. Sales Promotion Develop an ongoing sales promotion to target existing customers. GENERAL MARKETING STRATEGIES Competitor Profile Keep updated competitor profile. Marketing information system Document on every enquiry How did you hear about us? Document on every order How did you hear about us? Produce monthly sales reports by product, by market segment, by territory and by sales representative. Financial Plan FINANCIAL Next Years Objectives Net Profit To achieve forecast net profit of $112500. Budget To not exceed the following expense budgets. Marketing Budget $ 4800 Payroll Budget $ 42000 Management Overheads $ 21360 FINANCIAL STRATEGIES Cash Flow Eliminate cash shortage in the traditional tight periods of December to January Collection Days Reduce the average collection days from 30 days to 15 days. Payment Days Maintain payment of bills, on average, to 20 days. Expenses Develop and implement new policies on approval and signatories on expenses. Leases Pay off the existing lease on PATEL equipment, thus reducing the monthly financial burden. Wages Pay all wages on a monthly basis instead of weekly. Inventory Improve the number of stock turns to 30000 a year. Rent Negotiate new terms on the premises and reduce existing payments by 10% Organizational Plan ORGANISATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT Next Years Objectives Budget To not exceed the payroll budget of $42000 HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES Organizational Draw organizational chart. Develop incentive scheme related to job requirements. Policies and procedures Develop policies and procedures manual. Employ telemarketers. Training Carry out training needs analysis. Morale Install suggestion box. Organize monthly meetings to follow up tasks

Concert Report Essay -- Music

For this concert report I chose to go to a performance of student composers held at the Kimball Recital Hall. I chose this one because I wanted to see some of the talent that my peers have in the music realm, and also it was one of the only concerts I have been able to attend because I usually work at night. It was impressive to hear pieces composed by students. I cannot imagine creating something as complex as a musical composition, much less actually performing it, so this aspect of the concert was particularly awe-inspiring. There was a large attendance, and I think that much of the audience consisted of friends of the composers and/or performers. I went with three friends, who I convinced by telling it would be interesting to see student composers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first piece was called Oblique/musique composed by Patrick Swanson. This piece instantly stood out among the others because of the instruments involved. The piece was performed by two people: one playing a vibraphone and the other playing a large drum/cymbal/gong. However, the piece also contained prerecorded sounds of static, bass, and an incoherent voice. In this piece the melody was repeated many times. It was similar to the works of John Adams because of its repetitions, background recording, and minimalistic sounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second piece was a piano composition by Thalia Ventimilla called Ecuadorian Afternoon. This piece had a very relaxing melody and a â€Å"walking speed† tempo. It was not fast and not slow. The intensity of the piece started out high and gradually declined, then built up to decline again. This went on in a series of decrescendos, rising and falling with lots of chords being played.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third piece was a duet for the flute and the oboe by Julia Grace Brown. The piece contained two movements, but I could not tell when one stopped and the second began because there was no pause. While they played the flute was quicker, playing in short, fast, high pitched notes. On the other hand, the oboe was steadier and carried the notes slightly longer, and it lead the flute through the song. Sometimes the two instruments played simultaneously, and sometimes the flute would mimic the oboe and follow it through the movement. Overall, the piece started out fast and eventually slowed with the two instruments ending together, but the flute always played in a higher range with a more piercing ... ..., intensity, and length. The entire movement had a feeling of rising to a maximum point which could not be surpassed. In the third movement the flute and the piano played together and played nearly the same thing, with the exception of the flutes higher notes. This to had an increasing in intensity and tempo. Now for the sake of time, and because this report is already too long, I will skip to the last piece. Also, the seventh piece was so long that I could keep discussing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final and twelfth piece was made up of excerpts from a longer work called Five Short Pieces for Clarinet and Bassoon. To me, maybe because the concert was beginning to get long or maybe because I did not have many notes over it, the last piece seems fairly similar throughout its movements, or â€Å"Short Pieces.† The first was an up-beat piece with a distinct melody. The clarinet and bassoon alternated, with the clarinet playing the higher notes. The second movement had a have complete feel to it. The two instruments played at the same time, close to it. The third movement was an impressive sounding mix of ups and downs. It seemed that the performers were working very hard and it sounded very complex.

Making a Case for Premarital Education

Based on current information gathered from empirical analysis, professional/public opinion, and rational debate, Stanley (2001) constructed four arguments that support an increased need for premarital counseling. The arguments were â€Å" presented for the plausible benefits of engaging in premarital preventive efforts on a broad scale† (Stanley, 2001, p. 272). The author’s arguments include: 1. Using premarital strategies to slow couples down in an effort to allow them time get to know one another better before jumping into marriage. . Using premarital counseling strategies to emphasize the importance of the marital union and the long-term family and societal consequences attached to the decision to marry. 3. The use of premarital strategies will demonstrate that there are resources available to assist couples when they start to experience marital discord. 4. Couples participation in premarital education programs are less likely to have marital problems and are less li kely to divorce (Stanley, 2001).Stanley (2001) presents the arguments as possible research programs that could be studied further to help develop a better understanding of what strategies can be implemented to lower and/or prevent divorce and decrease marital distress. Scott Stanley makes some compelling arguments for the need of premarital counseling and places emphasis on all of society taking an attitude of prevention in regards to developing strategies to effectively deal with the high divorce rate and high levels of marital discord that our country is currently battling.While the arguments have a sound basis are very rational, they lack validity from empirical research. Stanley (2001) acknowledges the need for more empirical research is needed to determine how to successfully prevent marital distress for society as a whole and lower the current divorce rates. Silliman and Schumm (2000) support the need for more research on this topic when they discuss how further attention to t heoretical frameworks to guide premarital counseling is needed although the research and practice of premarital counseling have already been established.A high rate of divorce is one of many social problems affecting society today. Stanley (2001) states, â€Å"it is estimated that approximately 40% or more of new marriages among the younger generation will eventually end in divorce† (p. 272). There currently seems to be a push to put things in place to help prevent marital and family breakdown and the suggestion that couples should be required to undergo premarital education to help improve and prevent marital distress.Risch et al (2003) support the use of premarital counseling when they state, â€Å"marriage preparation programs have been used by practitioners and couples for decades, generally speaking programs aim to enhance the quality and stability of marriages and the content is chosen with this goal in mind† (p. 2). This preventative approach is an area that is receiving much attention worldwide as some governmental units are requiring premarital counseling as a means to reduce divorce and strengthen families† (Stahmann, 2000, p. 104).It is certainly advantageous to have preventative programs in place to assist couples who make a commitment to the union of marriage. This union affects the couple directly, their growing family, their separate families, and society as a whole. Premarital counseling strategies can be viewed as society’s commitment towards promotion and the attainment of a happy and healthy life. Anything preventative should be viewed as worthwhile means to the end. While new research is being developed, there is a lot to say for taking the necessary steps to put preventative measures in place to deal with what is currently known about the topic.Premarital counseling should be viewed as a practice to promote general health to the entire family system. The preventative measures associated with these strategies can cleanse the entire family system as they can assist in the decrease in marital discord and divorce, which have a cause and affect relationship with domestic violence, child abuse, and mental health issues related to the consequence of a broken marriage. This is a good example of how â€Å"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure† (Benjamin Franklin).

Before You Were Mine by Carol Ann Duffy Essay

â€Å"Before you were mine† is a poem written by a daughter about how she imagines her mother’s life ten years before the daughter was born. The author describes the photo of her mother with two of her friends. They â€Å"shriek at the pavement† and seem to be sharing a joke, young and lightsome (line 4). She knows that the thought of having a child one day doesn’t occur to her mother when she was young and had a lot of dreams. Now remembering her own childhood, Duffy thinks of how she used to play with her mother’s red shoes and imagines when her mother might have worn them. She remembers how her mother used to teach her dance steps when she was a little girl. The poem is a four stanza one, each stanza being made up of five lines, with some variation in length of line. The first two stanzas focus purely on the life of the mother before the daughter was born, whilst the third stanza opens with a reference to the daughter’s birth and then moves to the daughter’s vision of her mother in her earlier life, thus providing a link with the previous stanzas. The fourth stanza begins with a recollection from the daughter’s younger life with her mother, and then takes us back once again to the mother’s days of dancing. I consider that the language contributes to the mood of the poem. The poem is written in first person narrative voice. There are many references to her mother as very happy – â€Å"you laugh / the bold girl winking in Portobello†, â€Å"you sparkle and waltz and laugh†(lines 13-15). The author’s mother’s life can be perceived as flashy. Her mother is likened to Marilyn Monroe: â€Å"Your polka-dot dress blows round your legs. Marilyn† (line 5). Duffy’s mother dreams of â€Å"fizzy, movie tomorrows† (line 7). The poem is written in the present tense, as if the events of the photo are happening now. I suppose in this way the poet tries to make her mother’s past as real as possible. It seems juicy to read a poem in which a daughter imagines how full of life and fun her mother must have been before she was born. Her admiration of her mother is shown in a direct way, and words such as â€Å"shriek†, â€Å"sparkle† and â€Å"fizzy† image the carelessness of youth. Throughout, the poet is very possessive of her mother. References to her appear constantly: â€Å"I’m ten years away†¦ †, â€Å"I’m not here yet†¦ †, â€Å"I remember†¦ † (lines 1, 6 and 12). The word â€Å"mine† appears in the title and the poem actually concludes with the same words as the title, as if the poet is locking her mother in a firm embrace of words.

Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage

Miracle or Mirage Could the Miracle of Helena really be the Mirage of Helena? A prominent editor for the New York Times has hailed the original article as The Miracle of Helena, while urging readers to give the article way more credit than it deservers. According to an article written by Steven Milloy, on Friday October 17, 2003; (The known publisher of Junk Science.Com and known scholar and published author) The Second Hand Smoke Scam. Milloy claims there is not enough factual evidence to support the theory that the ban on smoking in Helena was associated with the drop in heart attack patient admissions at the local hospital. In 2002 the citizens of Helena opted to ban smoking in all public buildings. After a six-month period the ban was rescinded. During the six-month period doctors at a local hospital reported that heart attack patient admissions had dropped. Then after the ban was rescinded the admissions of heart attack patients rebounded to the pre-ban levels. Milloy states there was simply no study to account for heart attack rates dropping due to the smoking ban. Since there had been a similar drop four years prior in 1998. This drop was unrelated to a smoking ban. This study was not easy to evaluate because there was no study. The results were a slide show presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology and six months later no study has been released to the public. So how did the editor at the New York Times get his facts? Given the fact there were no medical test done on any of the heart attack patients admitted prior to, during, or after the smoking ban it would be impossible to determine whether or not the attacks were caused by second hand smoke, genetics, life style, or environmental factors. Therefore to say that the drop in heart attack patients during the ban was due to second hand smoke would be outrageous. This seems to be more of a mirage of Helena than a miracle of Helena. Dr. Stan ... Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage Free Essays on Miracle Or Mirage Miracle or Mirage Could the Miracle of Helena really be the Mirage of Helena? A prominent editor for the New York Times has hailed the original article as The Miracle of Helena, while urging readers to give the article way more credit than it deservers. According to an article written by Steven Milloy, on Friday October 17, 2003; (The known publisher of Junk Science.Com and known scholar and published author) The Second Hand Smoke Scam. Milloy claims there is not enough factual evidence to support the theory that the ban on smoking in Helena was associated with the drop in heart attack patient admissions at the local hospital. In 2002 the citizens of Helena opted to ban smoking in all public buildings. After a six-month period the ban was rescinded. During the six-month period doctors at a local hospital reported that heart attack patient admissions had dropped. Then after the ban was rescinded the admissions of heart attack patients rebounded to the pre-ban levels. Milloy states there was simply no study to account for heart attack rates dropping due to the smoking ban. Since there had been a similar drop four years prior in 1998. This drop was unrelated to a smoking ban. This study was not easy to evaluate because there was no study. The results were a slide show presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology and six months later no study has been released to the public. So how did the editor at the New York Times get his facts? Given the fact there were no medical test done on any of the heart attack patients admitted prior to, during, or after the smoking ban it would be impossible to determine whether or not the attacks were caused by second hand smoke, genetics, life style, or environmental factors. Therefore to say that the drop in heart attack patients during the ban was due to second hand smoke would be outrageous. This seems to be more of a mirage of Helena than a miracle of Helena. Dr. Stan ...

Tyrrells Crisp business human reource plan Case Study

Tyrrells Crisp business human reource plan - Case Study Example However the founder cannot tolerate anything like entering into another deal with the supermarkets having almost brought the business to a halt earlier and forced him to start producing potato crisps and selling them direct to the retailers. Apparently he still has fear for involvement with the large supermarket chains. But there are many businesses which are courting Tyrell's Crisp business and it has become hard for the owner to make a choice on which direction the business should take. However it seems entering into partnership will be one of the best strategies that will be suited to move the business forward. In this regard entering into a partnership will help the business to penetrate many countries in the market but only if it enters into partnership with a business that has international presence. This means that it has to scrutinize all suitors and find the one which has as strong market distribution channel and enter into legally binding agreement on how the distribution channel will be unlike in the past when the business has suffered also from undefined distribution chain. The current business strategy of Tyrell's is to market its product directly to the retailers. In order to achieve this it needs to have some measures that will help it achieve this direct marketing strategy. Let us look at how a human resource plan can help the business to achieve its overall goal. How can Human Resource Plan assist the business Human resource planning describes the way in which a company ensures that the staffs hired are the right for the job that they have been hired for. It also goes further to describe the way these companies manage their employees in order to ensure that the company gets maximum output from the employees and that they are retained in the business. It also covers the way the company ensure that they are trained in order to acquire skill and competency in their work to become the most important asset that the company holds. A human resource plan is a strategic guide and partner to any business that is willing to get the best from the workforce. It has been shown that competent employees are one of the important capital investments that can help a company to acquire a competitive edge which other companies may find difficult to replicate. But this only results when the employees are well managed and incentive put in place to motivate them to work. It also comes with carrying out training from time to time to help tie employees acquire new skills. (Aaker, 2002, p. 34) In the Tyrell's Crisp business strategy, a human resource plan will be very crucial since it will help the business to recruit the most important employees right from the star who are qualified fro the job. A well planned human resource plan will also help the company integrate the management of the employees into the overall business strategy which is important if the company has to succeed in its work. The plan will also assist the business in coming up with work schedule that fits its operation in the since that it will be able to control it workforce and hence payroll. The plan will help the company to come up with the best incentive package that will help the workforce to perform as required. The plan will help in preparing schedule for inducting the employees with new skills that

Baker v. Carr (1962). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Essay

Baker v. Carr (1962). The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Essay Example xamines the underlying causes that preceded this historically important case that sought to ‘even the playing field’ for all citizens and review the immediate and enduring effects of the decision. Charles Baker, a Republican County Judge from Tennessee who resided in that state’s largest city, Memphis, along with a long list of plaintiffs, mostly from urban areas, including the mayor of Nashville, brought a complaint to the U.S. Federal Court in Tennessee in 1959 that would forever alter the way all states apportion their voting districts. Though Baker was not the lone complainant, his name appears on the case because it was, by virtue of the alphabet, at the top of the list. Baker, et al. sued the Secretary of State of Tennessee Joe C. Carr, whose responsibilities included supervising the election process and enforcing the redistricting regulations in that state (Baker v. Carr, 1962). The issue and resolution went far beyond these two individuals for whom the case is known. Baker accurately alleged that the State of Tennessee had not drawn new redistricting borders in 60 years (since 1900) which was in violation of the Tennessee Constitution which mandated that new voting districts be drawn every 10 years. Redistricting following each ten-year census results, as the Founders intended, is done so as to better reflect population growth and decline in different areas of the state and assures fair and more equal government representation. The concern of the plaintiffs was that although more people now lived in cities rather than rural areas as was the case in 1900, the Tennessee legislature was still dominated by the rural population. â€Å"Baker lived in a district whose population had grown larger than some neighboring districts and by the time of the lawsuit, Shelby County, where Memphis is located, had 10 times the population as some of the rural districts of Tennessee. Thus he claimed that Memphis was underrepresented† (Krakow, 2006). Baker, et al.