Polish Immigration to the United States and Canada Essay

1. Introduction 1.1. Overview Poland is a small country, tucked away in the recesses of Eastern Europe. Surrounded by countries like Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, its population of 38.5 million is slightly more than half of the United Kingdom’s and a fraction of that of the United States. Whilst experiencing a welcome improvement in economic development and prosperity in recent years, the country and its citizens, the Polish people, can well be counted as among the more unfortunate of the world. Centuries of political turmoil, foreign rule and occupancy, decades of partitioning, and extended periods of economic distress, have scarred the psyche of the Polish people, driven them out of their surroundings, and made them into global wanderers, refugees, and migrants, searching for comfort, peace, and economic well being for themselves and their families. The mass genocide of the 1940s, which left more than 6 million Polish dead, was followed by four decades of communist rule and it was not until 1989 that the country joined the ranks of free nations. Difficult home conditions during the last few centuries have often forced the Polish people to travel out of the environs of their familiar surroundings and make their homes in strange countries, among people with different cultures, languages, religions, and traditions. Polish migrants have moved out in waves not only to other more hospitable regions in Europe but also to the new world, more particularly to the United States and Canada. Through years of hard work, toil and perseverance, the Polish have created a world wide diaspora, better known as Polonia, of people who, despite living in alien conditions for decades, have continued to be true to their culture, traditions, language and religion. Their migration to North America is not of recent origin; the first waves of people of Polish origin came to the United States in the late 1700s and to Canada in the early 1800s.[1] These original adventurers were followed by periodic streams of migrants whose numbers depended both upon the conditions of their home country as well as on the immigration policies of their host nations. Once settled in their host locations the Polish proved to be model immigrants, industrious, peace loving, cultured, lovers of art, and extremely religious. Their tale of immigration and settlement in Canada and the United States is one of courage, determination and fortitude; visible proof of how adversity brings forth the best in human beings. 1.2. Objective This dissertation takes up the issue of Polish immigration to the United States and Canada, investigating the causes of migration, the areas of choice, the challenges faced by the settlers, the ways and means adopted to overcome such problems, and the evolution of the Polish presence in their adopted countries. Whilst investigating the phenomenon, specific emphasis will be given to the differences in the adopted processes of migration and settlement between Polish Canadians and Polish Americans. A study of this nature should hopefully be of interest to students of history, international relations, sociology, immigration, demographics, and government policy. The global Polish community, immigrants or otherwise should also find such a study illuminating and interesting. 1.3. Methodology A dissertation of this nature will be well served by intensive study of the literature available on the subject. Substantial primary and secondary information is available on the topic by way of government websites, books, and journal, magazine, and newspaper articles. Whilst surveys or in-depth interviews with Polish immigrants could yield some very interesting and relevant information, such an exercise would need to cover substantial numbers of respondents in two nations and involve the deployment of resources beyond the capacity of the researcher. The dissertation as such relies fully on the information available both on line and in hard copy for its findings, analysis and conclusions. The sources of information accessed have been listed in the bibliography at the end of the study. The body of the dissertation is structured into a literature review followed by a section on findings and analysis. The concluding section details the conclusions arrived at in the course of the study along with recommendations and the limitations of the assignment. 2. Literature Review With the first Polish people travelling to North America more than three centuries ago their connection with the USA and Canada is hardly of recent origin. The phenomenon predates the American War of Independence of 1776 and has been shaped by a range of political, military, economic, social, and cultural factors, not just in their homeland but also in the other countries of Europe as well as in the USA and in Canada. This review of literature approaches the subject from specific angles, namely the historical and modern day circumstances that influenced their migration to North America, the governmental and policy approaches of the two host countries that shaped their entry and settlement, the factors behind their demographic dispersion and build-up, and the evolution of the Polish diaspora in the two countries. 2.1. Migratory Compulsions Political and Military Turmoil Whilst Poland developed into a recognisable political entity, a millennium ago, under the Piast dynasty in the tenth century, its period of greatest affluence and development, also referred as the golden age, occurred, during the 16th and 17th centuries, with the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2] This short lived era of freedom, parliamentary working, and economic affluence came to an end with the Swedish invasion and the Cossack Uprising towards the middle of the 17th century. These events were followed by numerous wars against Russia, three partitions of the country, in 1772, 1793, and 1795, and the division of its territories between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The reconstitution of a Polish state in 1807 by Napoleon lasted for only 8 years, the defeat of Napoleon being followed by Austrian and Russian hegemony over the country until the end of the First World War.[3] â€Å"This loss of independence created the situation that for most Poles, â€Å"Poland† as their country, became just an idea-a memory from the past, and a hope for the future. In short, in the world of the Polish spirit, it enabled men and women to live their lives in their own way in spite of the established order, and often in defiance of the law† (Davies 1990). These partitions and the disaster of the 1830 Uprising caused the Great Emigration to the Western European countries and to the overseas territories, among which the United States holds the primary position†[4] Regaining is independence in 1918, the country remained independent for just two decades until the twin invasions of the country by Germany on September 1, 1939 and Soviet Russia on September 17. Divided into 2 zones under the control of Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland suffered greatly during the Second World War; the holocaust took its greatest toll in this country with six million, half of them Jews, perishing in the first four years of the 1940s. The end of the war saw the occupation of the country by the forces of the Soviet Union and nearly 4 more decades of communist rule before the country emerged, on the back of a Solidarity movement, as a democratic nation in 1990. Joining the European Union in 2004, the country is making economic progress and integrating rapidly with the global community. [5] With the last three centuries being spent in incessant political and military turmoil it is not difficult gauge the extent of mental, physical and economic hardships suffered by the Polish people. Deprived of the security of their country and a national umbrella, the Polish left their homeland in successive waves from the 18th century to the present day. Economic and Social Conditions Whilst political and military turmoil was of course causal in driving large numbers of patriotic Polish from their homes and forcing them to seek safe sanctuary in other countries, economic compulsions also played a major role in motivating them to regions with better prospects for earnings, savings and the development of prosperity and affluence. In fact it would appear that the majority of Polish migration took place because of severe disturbances in economic conditions. Significant increases in population in the late years of the 18th century, along with industrialisation and the consolidation of commercial agriculture led to the elimination of small land holdings, exhaustion of available land, and loss of earning capacity and destitution of peasants dependent upon farming for their livelihood forcing them to migrate to areas of economic opportunity.[6] The decline of industrial production in the Russian controlled regions of Lodz and Piotrkow after the Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 revolution sparked off a significant wave of migration with hundreds of thousands of workers departing for other regions. Apart from such occurrences pressures of population, exhaustion of land and the lack of investment in industry kept the region in a perpetual state of economic deprivation and drove emigration figures upwards.[7] Whilst economic deprivation drove emigration among the economically weaker sections of society, sporadic bouts of anti-Semitism were to lead to thousands of Jews moving away to escape persecution. A wave of anti-Semitism swept through the region after the revolution of 1905. Fanned by the anti-Semitic wing of the National Democratic Party in the early years of the 20th century the movement increased steadily until the onset of the First World War and led to social ostracism and violence against Jews â€Å"Students would picket Jewish stores, threatening Poles who dared to enter. Shame was also placed upon those citizens who sought the services of Jewish lawyers, dentists and doctors. One technique that was frequently used was to photograph Poles entering Jewish residences and print the pictures. The picture, with a derogatory comment, would be placed on pamphlets that were distributed among the townspeople. Less costly but just as painful and derogatory were such incidents of Poles throwing stones at Jewish men, women and even young children. Killing Jews was contagious in an atmosphere of hate that enveloped Poland. Not only were the Polish radicals placing the blame for their problems on the Jews, but they were also gaining free media.†[8] (Reisner, Davis and Miera) Post Second World War Emigration Many of the Iron Curtain nations have experienced the phenomenon of citizens being pushed to emigrate, rather flee, in large numbers to escape political repression and economic scarcity. With most communist governments unwilling to allow their citizens to leave their borders except for official reasons, much of the ensuing emigration was illegal until travel restrictions were eased. In Poland the easing of travel curbs in the late 1950s after the cessation of Stalinist rule, led to a spurt migrants who travelled to European countries, mainly Germany, in search of lost relatives and motivated by the desire to motivate families. The next large migration occurred only in the late 1980s.[9] Whilst some of the people who left belonged to Lech Walesa’s Solidarity party and had to leave after the imposition of martial law to avoid incarceration, most of the others were young and educated and did not foresee the happening of any major political change. Their reasons for leaving were m ostly economic and they accordingly left for countries like Australia, Canada or the USA, which though far away offered the opportunity of economic improvement.[10] 2.2. Migration to the USA and Canada Polish emigration, as per extant records, appears to have been focussed on western countries, with very few Poles evincing interest of emigrating to Latin America, Africa or Asia. The only exceptions to this rule were Australia, which became a preferred destination choice for many of the Polish in the post Second World War period, and Israel, which attracted thousands of Polish Jews, from the 1960s, after the government eased travel curbs and relaxed issuance of passports. [11]The community seems to have concentrated mostly on neighbouring European nations like Germany, France, and Belgium, as well as on North American countries like the USA and Canada. Whilst there are clear motives for emigration with the range of causes being large and varied and stemming from political unrest, partition and annexation, economic deprivation, lack of agricultural land and job opportunities, political suppression (during the communist regime), and religious persecution and discomfort (for the Polish Jews), researchers are less clear on the reasons behind the choice of destination of Polish migrants. Very possibly the community felt more comfortable with settling down in countries with a majority of whites, where Christianity was the dominant religion. Migration to the USA Whilst migration of Poles, individually and in small groups, to the USA started soon after the voyages of Columbus, significant community immigration did not occur until the onset of the three partitions in the closing years of the 1700s. Records however suggest that many Polish craftsmen were hired by the London Company in 1608 to bring their skills to Jamestown, where a sizeable community grew over the next two decades. â€Å"The Poles created glass house shops, and pitch and potash burners. These products became the first exports of Jamestown. As a result of their success more Poles were invited to Jamestown. They were always cooperative and willing workers. In 1619 more Poles landed at Jamestown with the intent to manufacture pitch, tar and resin for ships. They also helped start the timber industry that was necessary for ship building. The first Legislative Assembly denied the Jamestown Poles the right to vote. As a result the Poles went to strike, refusing to work unless they had the right to vote. On July 21, 1619 the Legislative Assembly granted Poles the right to vote. Thus, the Poles were the first group that fought successfully for civil rights.†[12] Polish immigration subsequently increased from the last quarter of the 18th century when Poles participated in the American Revolution. The 1800s saw two major waves of Polish immigration, the first of which occurred between 1830 and 1863 and the second between 1870 and 1913. Whilst the first wave of migrants moved mainly into neighbouring European countries a few thousands did travel to the USA. The second wave however saw the majority of emigrants leaving for the USA, whilst the others went to Germany, France and Belgium. Approximately 2.5 million Poles, practically 95 % of the migrants landed at Ellis Island during this period whereas the balance 5 % came in through Castle Garden. This huge flow of migrants dropped sharply only after the adoption of quotas and the imposition of strict limits for immigrants by the USA in 1921.[13]   The next major flow of migrants was to occur only after the end of the Second World War when 200,000 Polish refugees were settled in the United States. Recent decades have also seen a steady flow of the Polish coming into the country. Whilst some came into the country illegally in the 1970s and the 1980s, smaller waves have come in after the overthrowing of the communist government in 1989. [14] Migration to Canada Polish migration to Canada started later than in the United States and commenced in substantial numbers only in the first decade of the 1900s. Polish migrant inflow was highest during 1901-1910, 1921 -1931, and 1946 – 1961.[15] Inflow of migrants into Canada, whilst being far lesser than into the United States, has however been considerable in absolute numbers considering the far lesser population of the country. Reasons for Polish immigration to Canada remained the same as for other accommodative and affluent destinations, namely gross overpopulation, scarcity of land, falling industrialisation, and generally depressed economic conditions in the homeland. Canada, whilst offering the opportunities of easy availability of land and an affluent and fast developing economy was however able to attract only a trickle of the vast numbers of Polish who exited their country in the 19th and 20th centuries. Governmental Policies and Demographic Distribution The United States, along with the affluent countries of Western Europe, namely Germany, France and Belgium, have always been the major destinations of Polish migrants. Whilst West European countries offered the comfort of proximity, similar cultures, and the possibility of more frequent home visits, the United States offered vast economic and other opportunities and proved to be an irresistible magnet for the bulk of Polish migrants, especially in the first two decades of the 1900s. To an economically deprived people, the country appeared to be the best option for achieving economic sufficiency and prosperity. â€Å"These Poles were called ‘za chlebem’ or â€Å"for bread† immigrants. They came to America for the sole purpose of making money. Once this was accomplished, they would return to Poland and prosper. Other Poles risked everything to travel to America. They sold all their property in hope of starting a new life. When these Poles entered America they wrote letters back to their relatives about their life here. Soon their relatives came to America to join their relatives. Some Polish people came because America was portrayed to be the land of opportunity; others came because they were encouraged by exaggerated stories of abundant job opportunity.†[16] With economic opportunities appearing so lucrative in the USA it was possibly but natural for the country to receive far more migrants, Polish and otherwise than Canada. Whilst Canada also did receive migrants their numbers invariably went up with the imposition of entry restrictions in the United States. The first such ballooning in Canadian migrants occurred in 1921 with the imposition of entry curbs in the USA in 1921 following three decades of heavy Polish migrant inflow from the closing years of the 1890s. The US introduced quotas as preliminary policy in 2 phases in the early 1920s before implementing them in their final form towards the end of the decade.[17] Annual quotas were set for each country on the basis of 2 % of the foreign born of particular countries as per the census of 1890, a decision that skewed immigration against East Europeans in favour of those from West Europe, thus shifting the source of immigrants into countries more likely to contribute skilled labour. Canada also followed the US in this regard by adopting formal restrictions in 1923. Whilst Canadian policy had restrictions similar to those of the United States, ranking immigrants by country of origin it did not impose an explicit numerical limit. Whilst the more stringent entry norms adopted by the USA had a significant diversionary impact upon canalising Polish immigration into Canada, the Canadian government opened the border still wider by authorising 2 Canadian railway companies to act as its agents for ad mission of immigrants.[18] â€Å"From 1925-1930, under what is termed the railway agreement, the Canadian government authorized the two Canadian railway companies to act as its agents for the admission of immigrants. The railway companies were given authority to screen immigrants subject to the restrictions in place. Essentially, they were allowed to recruit agricultural labor in Eastern Europe for the Canadian West. The result was a large increase in immigration from the countries in which agents of the railways were active, primarily central and Eastern Europe.†[19] The significant increase in Polish immigration to Canada was as such substantially influenced by restrictive US entry policies compared to a more liberal Canadian approach that favoured a tilt towards canalising farm workers from Eastern Europe for work in the Canadian prairies. History in a way repeated itself with the passage of the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, (INA) which continued with the quota system and further allowed the US government to prohibit the entry of perceived undesirables. With the emergence and consolidation of a sharp anti-communist bias in the United States it is very possible that the INA was used selectively against people from East European communists who were very firmly identified with the Soviet Union. Whilst such biases are difficult to establish, this period coincided with a rapid escalation of migrants to Canada, where entry curbs were far lesser than in the US for all people of European origin. 3.0 Findings and Analysis Polish migration to the North American continent began tentatively soon after its settlement by British and European settlers and picked up momentum only after the ending of the Polish golden age in the mid 1700s, followed by the partitioning and dismemberment of the country. The events of the late 1700s led to the unleashing of several waves of Polish migration, which were to continue in fits and starts for the next 150 years and appear to continue even today, four years after the entry of the country into the European Union. Whilst most of the causes that led to this significant migratory shift are connected with economic reasons dealing with overpopulation, scarcity of farming land, and lack of industrialisation, they are in a sense deeply connected with the constant political and military turmoil involving Russia, Austria and Germany, which denied peace and economic development to the country and drove the residents to venture into strange countries in search of economic stabilit y and peaceful existence. The Second World War and the accompanying holocaust brought in another intense period of tragedy, displacement and deprivation, forcing hundreds of thousands of Polish refugees to seek shelter in foreign countries. Whilst the exodus has abated somewhat in recent years, the recent entry of the country into the European Union and ease of travel and employment in other EU countries appear to have motivated thousands of young Poles to move to other countries in Europe for economic improvement. The migration of the Polish to North America was in the main directed towards the United States, and though migration to Canada started within decades of the Polish beginning to go to the USA, the number of Polish in the USA today outnumber those in Canada by ten times. Furthermore such migration to Canada has been substantially influenced by governmental entry restrictions imposed by the USA first in the mid 1920s and later in the early 1950s. Whilst the incidence of migration to Canada has, apart from more flexible immigration policies, also been helped by specific proactive Canadian policies aiming to attract farm hands from Poland and other East European countries, it is debatable whether the migration to Canada would have been what it is if the USA had not tightened its entry requirements for people with Polish and other East European backgrounds. Once settled Polish immigrants in both countries remained bound together by a common culture and the Catholic religion building church centric Polish communities. Whilst cities like Chicago and Detroit in the USA saw the growth of extensive Polish populations, the Polish community in Canada developed numerous settlements in the prairie region before moving towards Ontario and building up a substantial Polish population in Toronto.

View of Love and Sex in “Wuthering Heights”

â€Å"Wuthering Heights† accurately reflects many of the attitudes associated with love and sex in the Victorian Era. With reference to appropriately selected parts of the novel and relevant external, contextual information on Victorian attitudes to love and sex, give your response to the above view. The Victorian era when â€Å"Wuthering Heights† was written and first published was a time when love and romance and true emotion were the antithesis of reasons to marry. Sexual love was frowned upon greatly and no woman should ever have had sex outside of marriage. Sex was something that was solely for procreating and nothing else. Although, it was considered that a man could not control his animal instincts and so if he had sex outside of marriage of ever cheated on his wife, it would not damage his social desirability or impair his reputation on society. Marriage in Victorian times was for a place in high society and financial stability and children. This is shown in Wuthering Heights when Cathy marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff because she knows it would degrade her to marry Heathcliff. This is also very common in Victorian times; people were not to marry below their own class. They would marry above or in the same class as themselves. Victorian literature always focused on idealised representation of people who use work hard, perseverance and love to win out in the end. Good deeds will always be rewarded and wrongdoers will be punished. All novels were very moralistic and usually had a good social message or comment on society, for example, Oliver Twist. Victorian novels tended to be melodramatic, including features such as pathetic fallacy, exaggerated emotions, extreme passion and unrealistic characters. Victorian novels are also very long, with lots of characters, plots and intertwining sub plots. Wuthering Heights is very different from this in that it is set in a very isolated scene with a small number of characters. The relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff completely defies everything that was typical about a Victorian real-life relationship and the relationships in novels. They share such extreme passion and love for each other that shocked everyone who read in and the contemporary critics such as H. F. Chorley, who said the novel â€Å"was disagreeable and seem to affect painful and exceptional subjects. † The Atlas also said that each chapter â€Å"seems to affect painful and exceptional subjects†. People didn’t understand how a woman could understand and write so convincingly about something that she couldn’t possibly have experienced. Victorians were not allowed to spend any time alone with their partners until their engagement was official and even then they were only allowed to hold hands and were not to be alone together after midnight. Cathy and Heathcliff had grown up together and slept together as children and spent a lot of time alone in the moors and this was not accepted easily. Wild passion is a major theme in Wuthering Heights. The relationship between Cathy and Heathcliff is haunting and powerful and from the very start we can see the intensity of their feeling towards each other. There are various parts of this novel which make us certain that nothing could ever come between Cathy and Heathcliff. Cathy confesses her love for Heathcliff so passionately and sincerely, â€Å"I love him, not because he’s handsome, Nelly, but because whatever souls are made of his and mine are the same. † The reference to the souls shows that it is not physically love that they share but, even after death, their souls will still be as one and together. Nelly, I am Heathcliff,† they are the same person and even when Cathy dies she knows she will still be alive through Heathcliff. It is not physical, sexual desire that causes them to need each other, even though Cathy’s death destroys Heathcliff, but kind of a spiritual force which connects them together. This is also showed when Heathcliff says  "Oh, God! It is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! † There are also other love relationships to explore throughout Wuthering Heights, one of them being the relationship of Edgar Linton and Cathy. The relationship between the two is the exact opposite of that of Cathy and Heathcliff. Their marriage is of convenience to Cathy although Linton does adore Cathy very much. Cathy has typical reason to marry Edgar such as, â€Å"he’s handsome and pleasant to be with †¦ he is young and cheerful †¦ he will be rich, and I shall be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood. † At the time of the novel these were all perfectly acceptable reasons for wanting to marry someone and these were not things the Heathcliff could provide Cathy with. Cathy explains her conflicting emotions between Edgar and Heathcliff as, â€Å"moonbeam from lightning, or frost form fire. † Cathy and Edgar marriage is very Victorian, very typical and very acceptable, love was not a necessity. Although we can tell Edgar loves Cathy and that it means something in its own way, it is still only a mere affair next to the wild, uncontrolled passion of Cathy and Heathcliff. All of this leads me to say, no, Wuthering Heights does not reflect the attitudes of love and sex in Victorian times. Cathy and Edgars relationship defiantly does but it is not the main relationship in the novel and even so, Cathy, as a married woman still loves Heathcliff and spends time alone with him and this is not typical of a Victorian relationship as women practically belonged to their husbands and this is not the case here. This novel is completely different from other novels of its time as it doesn’t have a moral, the good are not rewarded and the bad are not punished and there was no social message, it has no defined place in literature.

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Tech Article - Essay Example So the work of the technology is to identify all moving objects with the aid of computer chipped tags. Lui and Chen 2009, in their article titled â€Å"Applications of RFID technology for improving production efficiency in an integrated-circuit packaging house†, defined the radio frequency identification (RFID) as an emerging technology that can be used to expand the possibilities for data capture. They stress that one of the primary use of the RFID technology, is for process control and material handling applications which can produce benefits of flexibility and interactivity. (2203) Potential impact for companies Lui and Chen 2009, explains that an integrated-circuit (IC) packaging house must be able to provide clients with instant and accurate information on its products and services. In other to do that properly, an IC packaging house must keep track of all its wafers, regardless of whether those wafers are in packaging, testing, or shipping. In other to achieve this, the company combines the RFID technology with an enterprise resource planning otherwise known as an ERP system for resolving various wafer receiving and inventory transaction problems. An electronic control system is thus developed using Oracle application implementation methodology or (AIM) to integrate RFID technology and the ERP system.

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Research methods for business - Essay Example Motivating employees to reach company goals involves giving employees an incentive to perform to expectations, by appealing to their needs at the psychological level or from a financial perspective. In some industries, businesses develop incentives schemes in order to motivate employees to reduce current absentee levels (Kohn, 1999), as one relevant example. Spitzer (2000) further offers that in order for any reward structure to be successful, the business must first create what is referred to as a scheme of recurrence, which basically means a consistent reward structure which has very clearly defined rewards for specific performance activities. "If reward structures reflect what is asked for, it will become a systematic reality" (Spitzer, 2000, p.81). This would suggest that it would be highly important for a business to fully understand what types of specific rewards would be embraced by employees prior to adopting and launching a reward scheme. Individual recognition could theoretically come in many forms, such as the aforementioned promise of promotion for meeting target goals, praising the employee in front of managers, colleagues or clients, or offering an incentive bonus (after an annual review) which rewards the individual at a later time for meeting performance targets.1.1 Research question and objectives This proposed study research question seeks to uncover whether today's employees in the UK are motivated more by reward schemes or individual performance recognition' This study maintains two distinct objectives: Identify the perceptions of a wide variety of different employees, in different industries, regarding what they would consider to be an acceptable reward scheme to boost individual motivation. To uncover which methods are available to today's businesses to increase motivational levels of employees through individual recognition efforts. 1.2 Justification for research study This proposed research study is of considerable interest to today's businesses for many reasons. First, today's global economic recession is putting significant pressures on businesses to reduce the payouts associated with various reward schemes in order to recognise costs and satisfy budget restrictions (Blackwell, 2009). When facing budget problems, it would be of considerable interest to today's companies to explore whether individual recognition can provide the necessary motivation to make employees excel in their unique job functions so as to be able to abandon costly reward schemes. Further, only one in ten organisations, today, have been able to accurately measure whether any of their reward scheme expenditures have met with higher motivational levels as return on the investment (Blackwell). For businesses currently using reward schemes to motivate, but are unable to determine whether the investment is worth the

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Political science - Essay Example Moreover, the revolution has resulted in the ouster of regimes such as in Egypt, and Libya. However, the revolution has not lived up to its dreams of having a regime change. This is because even after ousting of regime, there are still subsequent uprising. A classical example is Egypt where the new regime after unrest has been ousted in less than a year. There are various reasons as to why revolution is taking place recently. First, the leaders of Arab countries engaged in consolidating their countries against western control. This helped the countries to remain united against foreign powers. Second, one party system has been controlling activities in Arab countries. Therefore, any attempt to organize political parties and movement was met with authoritarian rule (Ahmed 1). Any form of resistance or objection was treated as a threat to national security. Therefore, freedom and democracy was treated as a foreign concept (Ahmed 1). The uprisings have taken place recently due to the citizen realization that their rights have been trampled for long. The civilians have also been fed up with corrupt, unjust, and cruel

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Management Coursework - Essay Example Thus container shipping was one of the early industries to become heavily reliant on operational computer systems. However, it is one thing being able to access all the information in your computer systems on your own premises, but the true benefits from technology are only really experienced to the full when you have the ability to communicate this information wherever and whenever it is needed. State-of-the-art communications are fast becoming a necessity in today's international freighting and transport industries. Sophisticated logistics chains, offering a fast and flexible response to customer demands, require an accurate flow of information for tracking, planning and control. An efficient, streamlined system such as this is essential in order to meet the demands of the "just-in-time" concepts developed by the manufacturing industry whereby every stage of the process is timed to perfection. Everything required, no more no less, is in the right place at the right time, thereby saving huge amounts of time and money associated with stock inventories. Fast and efficient planning, stowage and tracking of cargo are the freighting and transport industry's response to manufacturers' needs. (Lakshmanan, 2001) From the outset, many sectors of the shipping and containerization industries saw electro... EDI standards was closely monitored by the industry and a message development group was set up early in the life of the EDI Association to consider new Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transportation - or trade (EDIFACT) standards for the shipping industry. In the deep-sea trade, a single container vessel can currently carry in excess of 4,000 containers. Typically, for example, a vessel will load containers at four or five ports in Europe for discharge at any of six or more ports in the Far East and it will additionally discharge and load containers at two further ports on the way. It is, therefore, a complicated exercise to keep control of the stowage plan such that all loading ports can add their cargo to the ship efficiently and with the minimum movement of the containers already on board. Additionally, the ports where cargo is to be unloaded are required to be able to access their containers easily and without having to move other containers in the process. (Shipley, 2003) A stowage plan of a container vessel is called a bayplan. A bayplan, in paper form, is a series of diagrams consisting of each cross-section of the ship or a list of each possible location on the ship and its contents. In EDIFACT terms, a bayplan is a UNSM called BAPLIE, which consists of a header section with information identifying the vessel and then a group of segments which is repeated for each container on board and containing relevant information about the container including its position on the ship, its loading and destination ports, the nature of the goods carried and the conditions under which it should be stowed on board. Traditionally, the bayplan was transmitted between port container terminals and ship planners by telex or by fax - typically in the Far

How does politics construct morality in John Fords The Man Who Shot Essay

How does politics construct morality in John Fords The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) - Essay Example This essay focuses on the argument that John Ford’s film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valencia, wants us to question validity of the true nature of political heroism and the power of written law. In the contemporary society, heroism is quite fragile and can be easily destroyed by the media. However, the dialogues between most actors in Ford’s film portray heroism as relative to the level of arrogance an individual can portray. The Man who Shot Liberty Valance sensationalizes the challenges associated with establishing political order in accordance with the rule of law. For example, Stoddard is given credit for killing Liberty Valance who had caused a lot of instability in the town through his violent actions. The wrongful credit enables Stoddard attain great political favors and he ends up a marrying Hallie, a woman who was also loved by Doniphin. Therefore, Stoddard gets fame out of an action done by Doniphon and end up taking away the woman he loved. He even ends up dying unrecognized. Therefore, the man who removed the hindrance to the developments in the town ends up unrecognized. Moreover, Stoddard confesses to a newspaper editor about the true story, the editor ignores the true story and publishes the untruthful one (Stewart, Wayne, and Miles Web). The political aspect of the film focuses on Ransom Stoddard who is considered a hero since people assume he managed to kill the dreaded Liberty Valance. However, the actual hero in the shadows of political reality is Tom Doniphon since he was responsible for the killing under question. The reality of political heroism is evident when shooting of evil Liberty Valance by a civilian is considered a depiction of heroism even in the eyes of law (Stewart, Wayne, and Miles Web). The film addresses the issue of how law shapes the political arena. The film was produced in black and white to provide the uncertainty surrounding Stoddard memories, which he is

Caree Action plan And self reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caree Action plan And self reflection - Essay Example At this present day, when internet marketing is considered a necessity, not an advantage it is considered the basic requirement of marketing strategy and a source of introducing a company worldwide. The key competency required to be a marketer is to be the generator of ideas out of the limitations. Individuals with skills and knowledge are valuable and appreciated in the company. Marketing is the idea of reaching out the customers worldwide with better strategies (Pride, 2006). As a marketer of this modern era, marketers have to think out of the boxes and limitations. Marketing is all about creativity. A different strategy for a new product or service can attain greater attention from valuable customers. A good marketing strategy can play an incredible role in achieving a positive image in the eyes of the customer (Hoffman & Bateson, 2010). It is the point where the marketer is considered to have brilliance in his sector of a job. To be specific, marketing is all about creating a valuable and positive image in the mind of potential customers. After graduating from school with specializing in marketing, students are considered to be creative. They are required to have enough potential to think and create new techniques of marketing by thinking out of the box and limitations. To be able to think out of the limitations, one needs to be attentive to the surroundings. It is necessary for the marketer to be the best communicator as the job requires customer dealing (Fill, 2002). A marketer should possess good communication skills either verbally or non-verbally. On the other side, a marketer should be able to understand gestures of customer (Ang, 2014). Information Technology is playing a vital role in marketing sector as the potential customers are approached by using the internet. A marketer should possess wide knowledge of information technology. The competition is growing rapidly, and the companies require those who possess

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Law - Essay Example be divided among the parties and in what manner.2 On the facts of the case for discussion it appears that a certain understanding existed between Pam, Tim and Derek with regards to the beneficial interests of the dwelling house and although Derek did not execute the deed reflecting those interests he is at liberty to invoke the doctrine of proprietary estoppel to enforce his interest. â€Å"The essence of the issue in these formality cases is that one party claims to be entitled to some proprietary right (or the monetary expression of the right22) even though in the normal course such creation or transfer would be ineffective due to an absence of formality.†3 As Dixon explains the use of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel requires a contravention of some statutory provision.4 For instance Section 53(1) of the Law of Property Act 1925 dictate that a disposition of an interest in realty be evidenced by writing. The imposition of an implied or constructive trust necessitates a departure from the rigid statutory requirements for written evidence of the conveyance or other disposition of an interest in realty.5 Be that as it may, Sir Christopher Slade in Huntingford v Hobbs [1993] 1 FLR 736 explains that the imposition of a constructive, implied or resulting trust are typically exempt from the formal requirements mandated by Section 53(1). Sir Christopher Slade explained: â€Å"In the absence of any declaration of trust, the parties respective beneficial interests in the property fall to be determined not by reference to any broad concepts of justice, but by reference to the principles governing the creation or operation of resulting, implied or constructive trusts which by s 53(2) of the Law of Property Act 1925 are exempted from the general requirements of writing imposed by s 53(1).†6 According to the ruling in Lloyd v Dugdale [2001] All ER 306 an estoppel is a proprietary right which can bind a third party as an overriding interest within the meaning of

High school student drop out Essay Example for Free

High school student drop out Essay The increasingly high rate of school dropout is worrying all the stakeholders in the education sector including parents, teachers and the government. This is because these people are aware of the challenges that will face students who drop out of school. Although leaders have called on communities, families and schools to make efforts to ensure that students remain at school, the rate at which the students drop out of school is still high. It is therefore important that we analyze the problem with a view of understanding it better, so that we may know how to resolve it once and for all. see more:research paper about tardiness The number of students who complete school in the US has been steadily declining over the years. In fact, over the last decades, this figure has only increased in seven states. In ten states, the percentage of students who did not complete school was 8% or higher, which reflects a disturbing trend. US is currently ranked tenth among the countries in the world which have the highest school completion rates. When a country that is considered to be the superpower is ranked tenth on school completion rates, this shows that there is a major underlying problem. Factors that contribute to the high school student drop out rate. Family cohesion and background. This is one of the major reasons why students drop out of school. Students who come from families where there is violence, abusive homes or poor parental relations have higher chances of dropping out of school, compared to those who come from stable homes. This is due to the fact that such children are more likely to have stress and depression because of the problems that they have. They are also likely to start abusing drugs at an early age, which may contribute to their dropping out of school. Statistics also show that children who come from single parent families are also more likely to drop out of school than those who have both parents. This situation is linked to low self esteem as well as problems that children who come from single parent families face. Early pregnancy. Early pregnancy is a major challenge for young girls, and is a contributor to their dropping out of school. This situation is compounded by situations where the young girls families are not financially stable, or cases where the boy responsible for the pregnancy is either unwilling or unable to support the girl. Many young girls who face this situation usually take breaks to give birth, but fail to return to school due to various reasons. The girls who are not financially well off are forced to drop out of school to take care of their children, while others fear going back to school due to stigmatization. School violence. This is a factor that is increasingly contributing to the dropping out of school by students. School violence has increased in the recent past, and takes various forms. It might take the form of serious security breaches that involve use of deadly weapons, like was witnessed in the 1999 Columbine high school massacre (Rosenberg 2008). It may also take the form of bullying and harassment of students by fellow classmates. Both these forms of violence have the potential to create fear to actual victims, and may discourage them from attending school. In these cases, there is genuine fear for their lives and they may drop out of school. Employment. Poverty or general unemployment of members of the family may make students drop out of school. This is because the students may be forced to work in order to support their family. In these cases, the students may not have adequate time to study due to the responsibilities that they have. Employment opportunities may not only be available to the students who are not well off financially. Some students come from financially stable families but look for employment opportunities so that they might save money. These students are also likely to drop out of school since it is difficult to work and study at the same time. Psychological or personal characteristics. There are certain characteristics that students may possess, which may make them drop out of school at an early age. These may be either physical or psychological characteristics. Psychological characteristics may include low self esteem, mental illnesses, depression and stress, among other problems. In case students have these problems and they are either not addressed early enough, or these students lack learning facilities that accommodate their unique needs, they are highly likely to drop out of school. According to Kenneth (35-39), students may also face physical disabilities that hinder the learning process. Such include blindness, deafness or other physical disabilities. If such students also lack facilities that can handle their needs, they are also likely to drop out of school. Substance abuse. According to David and Wayne (4-8), students who engage in substance abuse have very high chances of dropping out of school. Students who abuse alcohol or other hard drugs such as cannabis, heroin, cocaine or other drugs are likely to drop out of school. This is due to the disciplinary problems that they are likely to face in school as well as the fact that such drugs hinder the learning capabilities. Such students are unlikely to perform well in school, and this has the effect of demotivating them. They are also more likely to face stress and depression, and all these factors work to increase their chances of dropping out of school. Perceived loss of value of school diplomas. The modern business environment has become very competitive, and this is attributed to globalization. Success in the modern world is increasingly based on merit and job performance. Employers are nowadays looking for very high academic qualification when recruiting employees. In this regards, high school diplomas are generally perceived to have lost value, and students need to pursue further education so that they might get employment opportunities in this competitive business environment. Some students therefore opt to drop out of school and pursue other interests due to this perception. Such interests include drama, movies, modeling or the music industry. However, what most students are not aware of is that one has to have basic education in order to be successful in these fields. High school education acts as a platform for pursuing further education and building a career. Limited number of counselors. Statistics point to the fact that the average number of students who are served by a single counselor is 500. In high school, the average number of students served by a single counselor is 285. These counsellors have many tasks to accomplish and have very little time to interact with students. According to Jill (311-317), students who are about to drop out of school may therefore not find someone to talk to and get advice regarding the situation. This is also compounded by the fact that most of these students have poor relations with their parents, since teenagers and parents usually have communication problems. Students therefore opt to drop out of school due to lack of advice on the consequences of making this decision. Solutions to these problems. Counseling. Most students may reverse their decision to drop out of school if they are advised on the consequences of making this decision by someone that they trust. In most of these cases, counselors are the best people to advice the students since there are young counsellors who understand the problems that these students go through. The government should ensure that there are enough counselors to serve all students. Sometimes students may be depressed and they only need someone to share their problems with. When they are unable to find someone, they take drastic steps like dropping out of schools. Counselors will advise students that education is very important for success in life. Safety. The government and all education stakeholders should also ensure that the school environment is safe for all people. There should be adequate controls that prevent and deal with security breaches, either involving deadly weapons or bullying. Some problems like bullying may appear to be petty and they are ignored in most academic institutions. However they are serious problems that should not be ignored, since they have high psychological impacts on the victims. When students can feel safe in the school environment, they will look forward to going to school to learn. After all, these students spend most of their time in schools, and once they feel that they are unsafe, they are likely to drop out of school. Family problems. According to Gail (211-216), it is evident that family problems is a major factor that contributes to dropping out of school. It is a very sensitive issue considering that there is a limitation to which strangers may involve themselves in family matters. It is however imperative that problems such as violence and abuse are reported to the authorities, and these will be addressed through the relevant laws. These problems cannot be condoned, since once students are not comfortable in their own homes, it will be difficult for them to concentrate in class and learn. Other family issues such as parental and child conflict should be addressed through dialog, either between the school administration and the individual families, or through counseling by qualified professionals. This dialog will enable the underlying problems to be identified and solved, so that the children may stay in school. Early pregnancy. This problem is best solved by preventing the issue, rather than addressing it after it has occurred. The young people should be told about the consequences of early sex, especially unsafe sex. These students should be made to understand that in addition to the risk of pregnancy, there is also a risk of contracting STIs such as HIV/AIDS. However, one a girl becomes pregnant, she should be allowed to stay in school until the time to give birth, after which she is given a break. She should resume school after giving birth, as this is very important. Counselors and parents should play a crucial role in guiding girls who are undergoing this experience. The government should also set up funds to help girls who are pregnant and do not have the resources to take care of the baby, and go back to school. Facilities for the handicapped. The government has a crucial role of ensuring that there are learning facilities that will take care of the needs of students who face either physical or mental disabilities. There should also be enough teachers who have been trained on how to take care of the needs of these students. This will ensure that these students learn just like their peers, and that they have equal opportunities in life. Value of diplomas. The stakeholders in the educational sector have a crucial role to play in publicizing the value of the high school diplomas. There should be regular talks between these stakeholders and the students regarding the issue. Students should be made to understand that although the modern world has become very competitive, it is imperative that they obtain at least the high school diploma. The reason is that the diploma acts as a platform in acquiring further employment opportunities and joining a profession. Employment. The government should enforce the laws that bar the employment of young people who are below the legal age. It should also hold regular forums with employers regarding employment of young people with a view of regulating the hours that they work. The employers should also be made to insist that young employees pursue education, since this will be the platform for promotions and advancement in the careers. This will enable that the young people who work have enough time to study. Conclusion and recommendation. The stakeholders in the education sector should join hands in ensuring the the drop out rate drastically reduces, and that each child knows the value of education. The solutions to the problems that have been discussed above should be implemented, so that this objective may be achieved. Above all, students should be made to understand that the high school diploma is a platform for opportunities in life.

Ellasaurus Product Essay Example for Free

Ellasaurus Product Essay Ellen will use some copyrighted illustrations from her books on the Website. She will also include themes from the story lines of her books in some of the games that will be available (free) on the site to registered visitors. What are at least two intellectual property issues that might arise in the operation of the website? The first intellectual issue in the operation of the website will be in relation to the copyrighted illustration and contents which will be used on the website. Ellen will need to ensure that such use of copyrighted content does not violate intellectual property laws and due permission and authorization is taken from the owners of such copyrighted content, ie, the publisher of the books. Secondly, the games used on the website should be proprietary and if such games are taken from another website, permission from the owner of such content should be taken in advance. Ellen cannot display any proprietary or copyrighted content from another website or from any other source. Permission should be taken in advance and legal formalities should be completed before using any such material. What are some of the potential ethical issues that Ellen faces because of the ages of her intended audience? The primary ethical issue, due to the age of the target audience, is that the content of the website should be carefully developed so as to ensure that it is fully appropriate for the children and kids visiting the website. The owner of the websites should be ethically conscious in creating content that does not impart any wrong message to small kids and should enhance their knowledge and does not result in any harm. For example, the site should not display pornographic content. What are some of the laws with which the site must comply with when it registers site visitors under the age of 13? What are some recommendations regarding how Ellen can best comply with those laws? One of the laws is that the site does not knowingly collect or solicit Personally Identifiable Information from or about children under 13 except as permitted by law. Another one is that Company will not disclose information collected from children under the age of thirteen (13) (or from adults for that matter) to third parties unless indicated otherwise or in special cases where Company has reason to believe that disclosure is necessary to identify, contact or bring legal action against someone who may be causing injury to or interference (whether intentionally or unintentionally) with Companys rights or property or anyone else who may be harmed by such actions or if required by law Ellen can best comply with such laws by hiring the services of a lawyer or legal professional who has significant expertise with cyber laws.

New British Library And Bps Andrew Field Development Construction Essay

New British Library And Bps Andrew Field Development Construction Essay The construction industry is one of the best industry in the world for delivering excellence in result. In United Kingdom we have a fantastic heritage of excellence in construction going back to Victorian times with the remarkable achievements of great engineers. But there has long been a recognition that there is considerable scope for improvement in the way construction projects are delivered. Back in the 1980s clients complained about performance of the industry, the industry complained about clients and a strong belief that we the public were not getting value for money! The industry was characterised by poorly performing projects, dissatisfied clients, poor quality end product, adversarial relationships between buyers and suppliers, low profit margins and a claims culture, lack of investment in people and a poor health and safety record. Public sector project in particular were inevitably delivered late, costing far in excess of what was originally estimated, and often did not meet peoples expectations in terms of performance, aesthetics or lifecycle. To drive culture change we must move beyond construction to a broader vision of the built environment , leveraging performance in other parts of the economy to deliver better quality of life in housing, transport, health, educationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..etc. Recognising that the relatively small up front construction cost has a big impact on overall business costs and ultimate value to the user. the social and environmental outcomes. Focus on the environment we must be a sustainability leader and adopt carbon efficiency. A green recovery from the current recession is required. Such that young people who want a better world can fulfil their aims by joining the industry to deliver a low carbon economy Find a cohesive voice for the industry. Institutions must collaborate to represent the industry to government and other stakeholders. Focus on how we can help reduce government costs Adopt new business models find ways to incentives long term value creation Develop new leaders who can communicate their vision and drive culture change Integrate education and training to promote a wider understanding of the built environment. Procure for value rather than lowest price procurement process needs to be more professionally managed Suppliers take the lead in demonstrating how they can create additional value New British Library Aim of British Library The aim of British Library is to serve scholarship, research and enterprise. Their purpose to promote the advancement in knowledge through the communication of information and ideas. In order to achieve this they identify and respond to users needs for a national library services; build, catalogue and conserve the collection; provide entry to the worlds knowledge base; provide leadership and initiate co-operative programmes for the national and international research library community; and exploit their collections in enterprising ways to raise support for their activities. Source: The British Library Corporate Plan 1995 Development of British Library The concept of British Library was established in 1982, the construction of first phase was started at St Pancras. At the early stage their was no budget for complete project and the cost approved phase by phase. This was not an efficient practice for management. In 1988 Minister was agreed for  £300 millions as a cash target for phase 1A and also  £150 millions for completion phase. In 1991, the former Committee of public Accounts were critical of the serious lapses in the management control and accountability of the project and elected the management arrangements to be monitored closely. The government accepted the main findings of committee and confirmed that the expected completion of new building will held on 1996 with in the cash limit of  £450 millions but in November minister increased cash limit to  £496 millions. It was expected that the whole building should be completed in 1996 but the completion and handover dates of phase 1A changed three times since July 1991, in 1993 phase 1A was planned for operational in the middle of the year but the phase was completed in November 1995 but no part of the building is now expected to open until October 1997.the completion target date of phase 1A was slipped because of identify and resolve technical problems with the book shelving, in order to find out how to deal with cabling damages during installation, how to deal with short comings in the fire protection systems, and to implement remedial works. BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development Proposed Idea Development In 1974 Andrew was discovered in 1974 in 230 km NE of Aberdeen in 115 m water depth, a relatively small complex reservoir, with estimated 112million barrels of oil and 3.8 billion cu m of gas. It was proposed for development a number of times between 1981 and 1988 but always commercially unattractive. By 1991 collaborative team work had solved the gas management plan incorporating gas export and re-injection into the reservoir. BP themselves were not sure of the steps needed to reach their goal and had to hold fast to their vision. They wanted the facilities contractors on board at the pre-sanction stage for them to establish an early sense of ownership and to work on reducing the unacceptably high cost estimate of  £450m. BP moved away from a traditional tendering process and developed a set of 10 new criteria the Minimum Conditions of Satisfaction (MCOS) against which they would judge prospective candidates. The tender document at only 50 pages was the slimmest ever produced for a major new Offshore development. Brown Root recognised that BP was serious and came up with its own response to BPs Minimum Conditions Of Satisfaction that would change behaviour and reduce cost foremost of these was an end to man to man marking on the project limiting the client team to 20 and truly integrating them was part of the delivery of the project. Contractors were cautious especially with the MCOS requiring that the development cost be limited to  £270m. Temporary grillage steelwork to support the structure during fabrication and load out was reduced from 1100T to 300T saving  £260k. An example of further cooperation between design and fabrication was that the design team produced drawings for fabrication. Usually 300 primary drawings would be produced. Instead only 30 were needed with all fabrication drawings directly produced from the CAD model saving 12000 man-hours. At sanction the estimated man hours for jacket fabrication were 580,000 which was reduced to 500,000 by reduction in work scope. However, by smarter working motivated by the cooperative atmosphere and culture of the Alliance, Andrews Jacket was built for less than 440,000 man hours. Sanction estimates, based on other typical projects, was 78 man hours/tonne The final outcome for Andrew was 66 man hours/tonne. As different contractors would be working under different payment methods reimbursed costs with fixed overhead and profit and fixed lump sum prices there was concern that although joint commitment was required under the risk and reward gain share system, one party might not have influence over another in achieving the target cost. Target cost finalised in Nov 93 at  £373m which included  £39m contingency approx 20% reduction in price had been achieved. And first oil 3 months early, by Sep 96 Way the Both Projects Delivered In the contrast of both the projects like ;New British Library and BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development s project both started almost on same time and having same magnitude of cost. In the case of British Library, time and cost of project both over runs. the performance and specification of complex systems need to be settle down early during design, the library believed that they were justified in revisiting basic features of the design when construction was well advanced. In their project they did not arranged quality people like architects and other professionals because they provide the financial incentive to complete projects on time and with in budget. there was unclear definition of responsibilities for inspections between Laing, the design team, and the clerks of works. Their had been insufficient planning, resulting in sufficient time being allowed for inspections. Guidance on handover procedures had been confused, their were poor identification and recording of items to be rectified or still outstanding. As a result, there had been uncertainty over the amount of work still to be done before an area could be handed over also uncertainty over what bookshelving contractors were contracted to provide: records of technical discussions and agreement were not readily accessible. As far as BPs North Sea Andrew Field Development s project was concern a totally integrated team approach was done with a gain share mechanism to share risk and reward. The idea of behavioural change as an essential ingredient for success had taken hold following feedback from another BP project which suggested that the much discussed benefits of alliancing could bear fruit if managed correctly. They defined their roles, strategies and principles. They concentrated on their performance and specification during the project. They delivered their project on time because they monitored the technical issues, accidental issues and weather issues that is why the project finish on time and with in the targeted cost as well Recommendations Bibliography Refrences Constructing the Team (The Latham Report) (July 1994) Rethinking Construction (The Egan Report) (Dec 1998) NAO Report HC362: Progress in Completing the New British Library (15 May 1996) Lecture notes for EPM 934 Lecture 5 (available on City Space)

Exploration of the Brain in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 670 Essays

Exploration of the Brain in Emily Dickinson's Poem 670 The brain is one of the most complex organs of the entire human body. How many people over the course of time have explored and tried to explain the brain? Even with millions of peoples' opinions of how the brain works, we still do not understand the most intrinsic parts of it. The tricky part is the subconscious. We are able to hide things, even from ourselves, for years. How is it that we can bury so much information that becomes so hard to find? Emily Dickinson understood this concept. She did not understand the way the brain works, perhaps, but without a doubt she did understand that it is able to conceal things from ourselves. "The brain has Corridors-surpassing Material place" (3-4). Surpassing all material things, the brain is past those things. Within the corridors are heaps of information that we sometimes even become unaware of. Something has to be a trigger, to set off a specific corridor in order to bring that information back to mind. Many times this is proven when a person whom has endured abuse as a child is counseled. Psychiatrists have to probe deep into those corridors to retrieve information that the child has willingly or subconsciously buried. So, why was Dickinson so interested in these corridors? Perhaps she was dealing with something of her past and during that time realized how hard it is to retrieve things sometimes. Perhaps she was counseling a close friend or family member and wrote this as a result of that. Perhaps she was studying the brain and became interested in doing research. Perhaps none of these things were the case with Dickinson. Whatever her reason, the poem shows much thought. We go on to read that any ghost meeting at midnight is safer than probing into that abyss called the mind. Why is it so unsafe? Well, what kind of things do we bury deep into our minds? Normally, they are things that we want to forget, painful memories, and embarrassing experiences. Those things can definitely be considered dangerous. If they were not dangerous, why would we bury them in the first place? To illustrate this point, I am going to tell you a story. I am the child of an alcoholic father. I have always lived under dangerous circumstances, and because of this, I have chosen to forget much of my childhood.

Law and Order in the First Part of the Nineteenth Century :: Papers

Law and Order in the First Part of the Nineteenth Century In the first part of the nineteenth century crime was one of the biggest social problems. Crime was made worse by widespread poverty, many people wanted proper law enforcement. May crimes were punishable by death, so the criminals adopted the phase â€Å"better to be hung for a sheep than a lamb†. When Sir Robert Peel became Home Secretary in 1825, he made a properly organised police system his propriety. Up to now towns had only their caped night watchmen, with warning bells and rattles. Peel’s major concern was preventing crime rather than punishing it. For this reason, in 1829 he established the first regular police force. Large towns such as London were often particularly lawless, and authorities often used troops to keep the peace, which was a much-hated practice. In 1829 Peel established a regular police force in London and the suburbs. At first there were 300 ‘Bobbies’ recruited and controlled by the Home Office. Their presence soon forced many criminals of the capital. Finally in 1856 every county and borough had to maintain a police force. The Metropolitan police force had many different duties. The man on the beat was there to stop disorderly behaviour. So this meant the Metropolitan Police Force were to deal with beggars, drunkenness, vagrants and prostitutes. In the second half of the nineteenth centuary London’s streets became more orderly, but as a consequence of this the number of burglaries went up. Another of the Metropolitan Police Forces duties was to deal with major disturbances. Police constables received very little training in the late nineteenth century and often learnt their trade â€Å" on the job†. Police constables worked seven days a week and up to fourteen hours a day. In London in the 1870’s and 1880’s, a beat during daytime was seven and a half miles long whilst at night it was two miles. Pick pocketing was rife in London in the late nineteenth century. Pickpockets were generally around the age of 6-10 years old and had

Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay -- Cats Cradl

Postmodernist Features in Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Cat's Cradle is a book, which enables many points for literary discussions. One possible topic of them could be the postmodernist features in this book. In this examination Ihab Hassan's essay "Toward a Concept of Postmodernism" was used as a source of secondary literature for defining of postmodernist features. The most visible and prevalent features are postmodernist metonymy, treatment of the character, dynamic tension, anarchy and a postmodernist look at religion as a whole. To put Vonnegut's Cradle into a definite time span, let me start with a bit of personal data about the author. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Although from a wealthy family, the Depression caused a rapid lost of their fortune. After having no success with his study of science, Vonnegut found pleasure in writing. Poor academic performance made him leave the university and join the U.S. Army. It is hard to state for sure, if his inspiration for writing laid mostly in his genetically inherited poetical cells or in his life experience. When we look at his father's occupation, we find nothing striking that would have something in common with writing. His father was an architect. So let's have a look at his mother. She had a long history of mental instability and consequently committed a suicide. As well known, in each talented writer is a piece of insanity. After taking into account Vonnegut's science fiction themes, we can lead discussions about this connection to his mother's sanity. Some inherited features can be se... ...nnegut. New York: Warner Books, 1972. Vonnegut, Kurt. Cat's Cradle. London: Penguin Books, 1965. Zelenka, Petr. Zelenka, Petr. Novà © nà ¡boÃ… ¾enstvà ­ Kurta Vonneguta. Jinoà ¨any: H&H, 1992. http://www.cs.uni.edu/%7Ewallingf/personal/bokonon.html 16.3.2002 (The Books of Bokonon) http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/kv_life.html 16.3.2002 ("A life worth living" essay by Nick McDowell) www.duke.edu/~crh4/vonnegut/catscradle/cats_magill.html 16.3.2002 (Synopsis: Cat ´s Cradle) http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/kv_religion.html 16.3.2002 ("Understanding Religion Through Cat's Cradle" essay by Liana Price) http://home.eduhi.at/user/tw/vonnegut/vnetlnk.htm 16.3.2002 (Vonnegut ´s life) http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/catscradle 25.11.2001 (Vonnegut ´s life) "KdyÃ… ¾ povà ­dka byla krà ¡lem." HN Và ­kend 2.November. 2001, natl.ed.: 21. Postmodernist Features in Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Essay -- Cat's Cradl Postmodernist Features in Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Cat's Cradle is a book, which enables many points for literary discussions. One possible topic of them could be the postmodernist features in this book. In this examination Ihab Hassan's essay "Toward a Concept of Postmodernism" was used as a source of secondary literature for defining of postmodernist features. The most visible and prevalent features are postmodernist metonymy, treatment of the character, dynamic tension, anarchy and a postmodernist look at religion as a whole. To put Vonnegut's Cradle into a definite time span, let me start with a bit of personal data about the author. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Although from a wealthy family, the Depression caused a rapid lost of their fortune. After having no success with his study of science, Vonnegut found pleasure in writing. Poor academic performance made him leave the university and join the U.S. Army. It is hard to state for sure, if his inspiration for writing laid mostly in his genetically inherited poetical cells or in his life experience. When we look at his father's occupation, we find nothing striking that would have something in common with writing. His father was an architect. So let's have a look at his mother. She had a long history of mental instability and consequently committed a suicide. As well known, in each talented writer is a piece of insanity. After taking into account Vonnegut's science fiction themes, we can lead discussions about this connection to his mother's sanity. Some inherited features can be se... ...nnegut. New York: Warner Books, 1972. Vonnegut, Kurt. Cat's Cradle. London: Penguin Books, 1965. Zelenka, Petr. Zelenka, Petr. Novà © nà ¡boÃ… ¾enstvà ­ Kurta Vonneguta. Jinoà ¨any: H&H, 1992. http://www.cs.uni.edu/%7Ewallingf/personal/bokonon.html 16.3.2002 (The Books of Bokonon) http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/kv_life.html 16.3.2002 ("A life worth living" essay by Nick McDowell) www.duke.edu/~crh4/vonnegut/catscradle/cats_magill.html 16.3.2002 (Synopsis: Cat ´s Cradle) http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4953/kv_religion.html 16.3.2002 ("Understanding Religion Through Cat's Cradle" essay by Liana Price) http://home.eduhi.at/user/tw/vonnegut/vnetlnk.htm 16.3.2002 (Vonnegut ´s life) http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/catscradle 25.11.2001 (Vonnegut ´s life) "KdyÃ… ¾ povà ­dka byla krà ¡lem." HN Và ­kend 2.November. 2001, natl.ed.: 21.

Foundation and Empire 10. The War Ends

Lathan Devers felt definitely uncomfortable, and vaguely resentful. He had received his own decoration and withstood with mute stoicism the turgid oratory of the mayor which accompanied the slip of crimson ribbon. That had ended his share of the ceremonies, but, naturally, formality forced him to remain. And it was formality, chiefly – the type that couldn't allow him to yawn noisily or to swing a foot comfortably onto a chair seat – that made him long to be in space, where he belonged. The Siwennese delegation, with Ducem Barr a lionized member, signed the Convention, and Siwenna became the first province to pass directly from the Empire's political rule to the Foundation's economic one. Five Imperial Ships of the Line – captured when Siwenna rebelled behind the lines of the Empire's Border Fleet – flashed overhead, huge and massive, detonating a roaring salute as they passed over the city. Nothing but drinking, etiquette, and small talk now. A voice called him. It was Forell; the man who, Devers realized coldly, could buy twenty of him with a morning's profits – but a Forell who now crooked a finger at him with genial condescension. He stepped out upon the balcony into the cool night wind, and bowed properly, while scowling into his bristling beard. Barr was there, too; smiling. He said, â€Å"Devers, you'll have to come to my rescue. I'm being accused of modesty, a horrible and thoroughly unnatural crime.† â€Å"Devers,† Forell removed the fat cigar from the side of his mouth when he spoke, â€Å"Lord Barr claims that your trip to Cleon's capital had nothing to do with the recall of Riose.† â€Å"Nothing at all, sir.† Devers was curt. â€Å"We never saw the Emperor. The reports we picked up on our way back concerning the trial, showed it up to be the purest frameup. There was a mess of rigmarole about the general being tied up with subversive interests at the court.† â€Å"And he was innocent?† â€Å"Riose?† interposed Barr. â€Å"Yes! By the Galaxy, yes. Brodrig was a traitor on general principles but was never guilty of the specific accusations brought against him. It was a judicial farce; but a necessary one, a predictable one, an inevitable one.† â€Å"By psychohistorical necessity, I presume.† Forell rolled the phrase sonorously with the humorous ease of long familiarity. â€Å"Exactly.† Barr grew serious. â€Å"It never penetrated earlier, but once it was over and I could†¦ well†¦ look at the answers in the back of the book, the problem became simple. We can see, now, that the social background of the Empire makes wars of conquest impossible for it. Under weak Emperors, it is tom apart by generals competing for a worthless and surely death-bringing throne. Under strong Emperors, the Empire is frozen into a paralytic rigor in which disintegration apparently ceases for the moment, but only at the sacrifice of all possible growth.† Forell growled bluntly through strong puffs, â€Å"You're not clear, Lord Barr.† Barr smiled slowly. â€Å"I suppose so. It's the difficulty of not being trained in psychohistory. Words are a pretty fuzzy substitute for mathematical equations. But let's see now-â€Å" Barr considered, while Forell relaxed, back to railing, and Devers looked into the velvet sky and thought wonderingly of Trantor. Then Barr said, â€Å"You see, sir, you – and Devers – and everyone no doubt, had the idea that beating the Empire meant first prying apart the Emperor and his general. You, and Devers, and everyone else were right – right all the time, as far as the principle of internal disunion was concerned. â€Å"You were wrong, however, in thinking that this internal split was something to be brought about by individual acts, by inspirations of the moment. You tried bribery and lies. You appealed to ambition and to fear. But you got nothing for all your pains. In fact, appearances were worse after each attempt. â€Å"And through all this wild threshing up of tiny ripples, the Seldon tidal wave continued onward, quietly – but quite irresistibly.† Ducem Barr turned away, and looked over the railing at the lights of a rejoicing city. He said, â€Å"There was a dead hand pushing all of us; the mighty general and the great Emperor; my world and your world – the dead hand of Hari Seldon. He knew that a man like Riose would have to fail, since it was his success that brought failure; and the greater the success, the surer the failure.† Forell said dryly, â€Å"I can't say you're getting clearer.† â€Å"A moment,† continued Barr earnestly. â€Å"Look at the situation. A weak general could never have endangered us, obviously. A strong general during the time of a weak Emperor would never have endangered us, either; for he would have turned his arms towards a much more fruitful target. Events have shown that three-fourths of the Emperors of the last two centuries were rebel generals and rebel viceroys before they were Emperors. â€Å"So it is only the combination of strong Emperor and strong general that can harm the Foundation; for a strong Emperor can not be dethroned easily, and a strong general is forced to turn outwards, past the frontiers. â€Å"But, what keeps the Emperor strong? What kept Cleon strong? It's obvious. He is strong, because he permits no strong subjects. A courtier who becomes too rich, or a general who becomes too popular is dangerous. All the recent history of the Empire proves that to any Emperor intelligent enough to be strong. â€Å"Riose won victories, so the Emperor grew suspicious. All the atmosphere of the times forced him to be suspicious. Did Riose refuse a bribe? Very suspicious; ulterior motives. Did his most trusted courtier suddenly favor Riose? Very suspicious; ulterior motives. It wasn't the individual acts that were suspicious. Anything else would have done which is why our individual plots were unnecessary and rather futile. It was the success of Riose that was suspicious. So he was recalled, and accused, condemned, murdered. The Foundation wins again. â€Å"Look, there is not a conceivable combination of events that does not result in the Foundation winning. It was inevitable; whatever Riose did, whatever we did.† The Foundation magnate nodded ponderously. â€Å"So! But what if the Emperor and the general had been the same person. Hey? What then? That's a case you didn't cover, so you haven't proved your point yet.† Barr shrugged. â€Å"I can't prove anything; I haven't the mathematics. But I appeal to your reason. With an Empire in which every aristocrat, every strong man, every pirate can aspire to the Throne – and, as history shows, often successfully – what would happen to even a strong Emperor who preoccupied himself with foreign wars at the extreme end of the Galaxy? How long would he have to remain away from the capital before somebody raised the standards of civil war and forced him home. The social environment of the Empire would make that time short. â€Å"I once told Riose that not all the Empire's strength could swerve the dead hand of Hari Seldon.† â€Å"Good! Good!† Forell was expansively pleased. â€Å"Then you imply the Empire can never threaten us again.† â€Å"It seems to me so,† agreed Barr. â€Å"Frankly, Cleon may not live out the year, and there's going to be a disputed succession almost as a matter of course, which might mean the last civil war for the Empire.† â€Å"Then,† said Forell, â€Å"there are no more enemies.† Barr was thoughtful. â€Å"There's a Second Foundation.† â€Å"At the other end of the Galaxy? Not for centuries.† Devers turned suddenly at this, and his face was dark as he faced Forell. â€Å"There are internal enemies, perhaps.† â€Å"Are there?† asked Forell, coolly. â€Å"Who, for instance?† â€Å"People, for instance, who might like to spread the wealth a bit, and keep it from concentrating too much out of the hands that work for it. See what I mean?† Slowly, Forell's gaze lost its contempt and grew one with the anger of Devers' own.

Attitude of Young People of India Towards Luxury Brands Essay

Introduction A couple on of generations ago, a typical corrupt closing for the average Indian would be choosing between, say, attire and electronic goods whenever they had a little change to spargon. Today, the customers dilemma involves making up their head between Prada and Gucci, Merc and Lamborghini. Marie Antoinette would say, If they back tootht save bread, give them grunges instead In a relatively short time twain of 20 years, India has moved from pavement marts to stylish m eachs, from frugal minded consumer to who want it each(prenominal) and from a population largerly obessed with eminence gossip to one which yearns to gain knowledge.India is victorious wing. It is not simple because India is set to capture the fastest growing major preservation in the world. The combination of a large three-year-old working population, rising income levels, elicit consumer optimism and increasingly urbanized lifestyle is thrust use growth in India. The merchandise p otential of worlds piece largest population has not gone unnoticed. planetary Luxury brands come India on the radar. As developed market continue to combat economic turmoil. India offers sumptuosity brand owners unrivalled growth opportunities.The Indian opulence market is projected to reach USD 14. 72 billion in 2015(CII and A. T. Kearny, 2011). It may represents only 1-2 percent of the global extravagance market, only if its market growth rate of to a greater extent than 20 percent per annum, promise positive returns for lavishness players. A flow of international brands from Giorgio Armani to Ferrari to Sofitel Hotel have entered the Indian market to cl consume a shargon of the luxuriousness rupee. Many others argon waiting, watching and preparing. This is not just about todays market but a secernate strategic market of the future.Problem Definition * spring chicken consumer attitudes be essential for the marketers to plan their strategy in reaching the cigaret te consumers. So in our speculate we have focused to portion preteen consumers according to attitude variables. Objectives * The aim of the study is to segment issue consumers ground on their three grave beliefs parameters (confidence, trust, optimism) as we know beliefs is an authorized attitudes of consumer Literature polish up 1. THE ROLE OF CONFIDENCE IN arrangement AND PREDICTING BUYERS ATTITUDES AND PURCHASE INTENTIONS * Peter D.Bennett and Gilbert D. Harrell * ledger of Consumer Research * Vol. 2, No. 2 (Sep. , 1975), pp. 110-117 * promulgated by The University of Chicago Press * obligate Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/2488752 This search examines the role of buyers confidence in the organisation of attitudes and purchase intention. It supports current buyer behaviour theory which postulates a positive relationship between overall confidence in a brand and intention to purchase the brand. It as well as examine buyers confidence in their own ability to judge attributes of brands. 2. deprivation FOR UNIQUENESS AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR FOR sumptuosity BRANDS AMONGST Indian YOUTH * Authors Meenakshi Handa, Arpita Khare * day newsInternational Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management * paper Inderscience Publishers * ISSN1753-0806 (Print),1753-0814 (Online) * IssueVolume 3, Number 5/2010 * Pages489-502 The purpose of this explore was to examine the Indian spring chickens need for uniqueness (NFU) and their attitudes towards luxury brand as an expression of identity operator. A primitive enquiry was conducted amongst Indian University students to ascertain their NFU and sensing of luxury brands.It was apparent that while the NFU is not very high amongst the Indian youth, luxury brands do symbolize status and individuality to them and serve a cling to-expressive function. As the Indian social system is witnessing a musical passage from traditional family driven values to more of western and individual-centric valu es, NFU and expression of self-identity amongst Indian youth may also become more marked. While marketing global luxury brands in India, advertising may be focused towards conveying a virgin identity to the consumers yet maintaining a counterweight with traditional norms and value systems.3. luxuriousnessS NEW DESTINATION CHANGING PARADIGMS OF THE INDIAN CONSUMERS AN EMPIRICAL STUDY * DR. BUSHAN D. SUDHAKAR* ARUN KUMAR. PARISE * International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies * Vol. 2 Issue 1, January 2012, ISSN 2249 8834 * Online useable at http//zenithresearch. org. in/ In this study the researcher investigate, Indian consumer migration towards Luxury brands exploit value middle course brands. The findings bring up that there is significant difference with the sexual practice difference, social status, price, quality to purchase a luxury good.There is a high association between the annual star sign income and Purchase of luxury goods It clearly says that give inability, quality, availability, celebrity, self-satisfaction, cipher and social status are the key drivers to the migration of consumers to Luxury brands from value middle tier branded goods. It confirms the view that brand perceptual experience and purchase value is, apart from socially oriented motives of buying to impress others also affected by financial, functional, and individual aspects. It would front that the dimensions presented in this paper are seize variables for segmenting the market for branded items.4. ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE CONCEPT OF LUXURY AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS * Bernard Dubois, Groupe H. E. C & Gilles Laurent, Groupe H. E. C. * Asia peaceable Advances in Consumer Research Volume 1, 1994 * Pages 273-278 In this paper is the author did an exploratory psychoanalysis of the perceptions and attitudes attached to the word (and underlying supposition of) luxury. It is hoped that the results presented below will excite further research in the theater of o perations and eventually contribute to the development of a theory of luxury acquisition and consumption behavior.Research Gap The literature on hand(predicate) on topics such as get hold of for uniqueness and consumption behavior for luxury brands amongst Indian youth, luxurys impertinently destination changing paradigms of the Indian consumers an existential study, There is no study on attitude (belief interchangeable confidence, trust and optimism) of Young the great unwashed of India towards Luxury brands, which will servicing in marketers to plan their strategy in reaching these new and promising target consumers. It is essential for the marketer to understand how consumers conceive and value a product.There has been a vast increase in the luxury market and attempts are being make to attract the youth through several(predicate) marketing strategies. This research will commit the different belief parameter which is an historic attitude of young people of India which process them towards luxury brands and provide reading for disclose understanding of young customer. Research fig. Sample Design Sample coat is hundred (100). Sample techniques it is judgmental sample distribution these samples/ respondents will be selected from both NIFT students and young working professionals i.e. young peoples working in companies deal TCS, Infosys and Wipro.Observational Design This research based on primary & inessential info. The primary data are hoard through structured questionnaire. Primary data generally authority those raw data which are handled first handedly and havent any previous meaningful interpretation. subaltern data collected from different journals, book and internet on topic of peoples attitudes and luxury brands.Statistical invent we are going to segment young consumers based on their three important beliefs parameters (confidence, trust, optimism) as we know consumer belief is an important factor of consumer attitude. Our propos ed segmentation tool is forgather analysis. We will be using upright practice bundling with between root words linkage as the loting method based on form Euclidian distance. shields Hierarchical Clustering Method cellblock considered hierarchical lumping procedures basedon minimizing the loss of information from joining cardinal groups.This method is normally implemented with loss of information interpreted to be an increase in an actus reus sum of squares criterion. ESS. First, for a given cluster k, let ESSk be the sum of the squared deviations of very item in the cluster from the cluster mean (centroid). If there are currently K clusters, define ESS as the sum of the ESSk or ESS = ESS1 + ESS2 + + ESS K At each step in the analysis, the northward of every possible pair of clusters is considered, and the two clusters whose combination results in the smallest increase in ESS (minimum loss of information) are joined.Initially, each cluster consists of a single item, and, i f there are N items, ESSk = 0, k = 1,2, , N, so ESS = O. At the other extreme, when all the clusters are combine in a single group of N items, the value of ESS is given by N ESS =j=1nxj-x(xj-x) where Xj is the multivariate meter associated with the jth item and i is the mean of all the items. The results of Wards method can be displayed as a dendrogram. The vertical axis gives the values of ESS at which the mergers occur. Wards method is based on the notion that the clusters of multivariate observations are expect to be roughly elliptically shaped.It is a hierarchical precursor to nonhierarchical clustering methods that optimize some criterion for dividing data into a given number of elliptical groups. We talk over nonhierarchical clustering procedures in the adjoining section Proposed Questionnaire 1=strongly contain 2=agree 3= uncomplete agree or disaccord 4=disagree 5=completely disagree Please do tick which picking you feel most bidding no 1 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. I buy luxury products because good quality of product controversy no 2 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1.Luxury means some extra things which is adding more value than the regular brands have disputation no 3 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. I buy luxury products whatever I can afford & whatever I want Statement no 4 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. I preferent luxury products what I like, if I like it a lot and feel like its worth my money Statement no 5 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. I preferred luxury brands because it brings higher aspiration in my life Statement no 6 3. 3. 2. 2. 5. 5. 4. 4. 1. 1. I like to have BMW or Ferrari in future.